{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:45:45Z","timestamp":1791549945419,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint MRC\/Wellcome Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The influence of sex chromosomes and sex hormones on early human brain development is poorly understood. We therefore undertook transcriptomic analysis of 46,XY and 46,XX human brain cortex samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200964) at four different time points between 7.5 and 17\u2009weeks post conception (wpc), in two independent studies. This developmental period encompasses the onset of testicular testosterone secretion in the 46,XY fetus (8wpc). We show differences in sex chromosome gene expression including X-inactivation genes (\n                    <jats:italic>XIST<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TSIX<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in 46,XX samples; core Y chromosome genes (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918) in 46,XY samples; and two Y chromosome brain specific genes,\n                    <jats:italic>PCDH11Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>RP11-424G14.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>PCDH11Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    (protocadherin11 Y-linked\n                    <jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic>\n                    regulates excitatory neurons; this gene is unique to humans and is implicated in language development.\n                    <jats:italic>RP11-424G14.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a long non-coding RNA. Fewer differences in sex hormone pathway-related genes are seen. The androgen receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , NR3C4) shows cortex expression in both sexes, which decreases with age. Global cortical sex hormone effects are not seen, but more localized AR mechanisms may be important with time (e.g., hypothalamus). Taken together, our data suggest that limited but potentially important sex differences occur during early human fetal brain development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08070-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T16:32:13Z","timestamp":1745598733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transcriptomic sex differences in early human fetal brain development"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Buonocore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenifer P.","family":"Suntharalingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olumide K.","family":"Ogunbiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aragorn","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadjeda","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Niola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nita","family":"Solanky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0365-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehul T.","family":"Dattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2595-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8787-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"8070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101249","volume":"61","author":"H de Vareilles","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Vareilles, H., Rivi\u00e8re, D., Mangin, J. F. & Dubois, J. Development of cortical folds in the human brain: An attempt to review biological hypotheses, early neuroimaging investigations and functional correlates. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 61, 101249 (2023).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"8070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00626-5","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Song, H. & Ming, G. Genetics of human brain development. Nat. Rev. Genet 25, 26\u201345 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet"},{"key":"8070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.039","volume":"185","author":"CA Herring","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herring, C. A. et al. Human prefrontal cortex gene regulatory dynamics from gestation to adulthood at single-cell resolution. Cell 185, 4428\u20134447.e28 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf0834","volume":"382","author":"D Velmeshev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Velmeshev, D. et al. Single-cell analysis of prenatal and postnatal human cortical development. Science 382, eadf0834 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5947","volume":"367","author":"E Sj\u00f6stedt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6stedt, E. et al. An atlas of the protein-coding genes in the human, pig, and mouse brain. Science 367, 1091\u20131097 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D996","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1042","volume":"41","author":"SM Sunkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sunkin, S. M. et al. Allen Brain Atlas: an integrated spatio-temporal portal for exploring the central nervous system. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D996\u2013D1008 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"8070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104691","volume":"120","author":"AP Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold, A. P. Sexual differentiation of brain and other tissues: Five questions for the next 50\u2009years. Horm. Behav. 120, 104691 (2020).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"8070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3771","volume":"4","author":"D Trabzuni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trabzuni, D. et al. Widespread sex differences in gene expression and splicing in the adult human brain. Nat. Commun. 4, 1\u20137 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"8070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-019-01376-8","volume":"206","author":"MM McCarthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCarthy, M. M. A new view of sexual differentiation of mammalian brain. J. Comp. Physiol. A 206, 369\u2013378 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"8070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.69","volume":"11","author":"JC Achermann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Achermann, J. C., Domenice, S., Bachega, T. A. S. S., Nishi, M. Y. & Mendonca, B. B. Disorders of sex development: effect of molecular diagnostics. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 478\u2013488 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"8070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.261248.120","volume":"30","author":"AK Godfrey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godfrey, A. K. et al. Quantitative analysis of Y-Chromosome gene expression across 36 human tissues. Genome Res. 30, 860\u2013873 (2020).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"8070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D933","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac958","volume":"51","author":"FJ Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, F. J. et al. Ensembl 2023. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D933\u2013D941 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"8070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.11253.2","volume":"2","author":"I del Valle","year":"2017","unstructured":"del Valle, I. et al. A genomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development. Wellcome Open Res. 2, 25 (2017).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"8070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04918-4","volume":"607","author":"L Garcia-Alonso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Alonso, L. et al. Single-cell roadmap of human gonadal development. Nature 607, 540\u2013547 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/346240a0","volume":"346","author":"AH Sinclair","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sinclair, A. H. et al. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346, 240\u2013244 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101665","volume":"36","author":"R Naamneh Elzenaty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naamneh Elzenaty, R., du Toit, T. & Fl\u00fcck, C. E. Basics of androgen synthesis and action. Best. Pr. Res Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36, 101665 (2022).","journal-title":"Best. Pr. Res Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"8070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102353","volume":"219","author":"PN Pallier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pallier, P. N. et al. Chromosomal and environmental contributions to sex differences in the vulnerability to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for therapeutic interventions. Prog. Neurobiol. 219, 102353 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"8070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404042121","volume":"121","author":"J Yeung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yeung, J. et al. Sex chromosomes and hormones independently influence healthy brain development but act similarly after cranial radiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2404042121 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"8070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00026","volume":"6","author":"KM Lenz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lenz, K. M., Nugent, B. M. & McCarthy, M. M. Sexual differentiation of the rodent brain: dogma and beyond. Front Neurosci. 6, 26 (2012).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"8070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343800","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1343800","volume":"12","author":"B Paylar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paylar, B., Pramanik, S., Bezabhe, Y. H. & Olsson, P. E. Temporal sex specific brain gene expression pattern during early rat embryonic development. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 1343800 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"8070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48369-z","volume":"15","author":"R Haque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haque, R. et al. Sex-specific developmental gene expression atlas unveils dimorphic gene networks in C. elegans. Nat. Commun. 15, 1\u201318 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"8070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.5","volume":"14","author":"CS Weickert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weickert, C. S. et al. Transcriptome analysis of male\u2013female differences in prefrontal cortical development. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 558\u2013561 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"8070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinius, B. & Jazin, E. Prenatal sex differences in the human brain. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 988\u2013989 (2009).","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.79"},{"key":"8070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10523","volume":"478","author":"HJ Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang, H. J. et al. Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain. Nature 478, 483\u2013489 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21181","volume":"6","author":"L Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi, L., Zhang, Z. & Su, B. Sex biased gene expression profiling of human brains at major developmental stages. Sci. Rep. 6, 21181 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00086","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lindsay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindsay, S. J. et al. HDBR expression: a unique resource for global and individual gene expression studies during early human brain development. Front Neuroanat. 10, 86 (2016).","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat."},{"key":"8070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.03.008","volume":"106","author":"TA Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. A. et al. A cluster of Autism-associated variants on X-linked NLGN4X functionally resemble NLGN4Y. Neuron 106, 759\u2013768.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"8070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-023-00999-y","volume":"16","author":"A Toya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toya, A. et al. The distribution of neuroligin4, an autism-related postsynaptic molecule, in the human brain. Mol. Brain 16, 20 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"8070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D687","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1028","volume":"50","author":"M Gillespie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gillespie, M. et al. The reactome pathway knowledgebase 2022. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, D687\u2013D692 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"8070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.01.017","volume":"371","author":"A Biason-Lauber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biason-Lauber, A., Miller, W. L., Pandey, A. V. & Fl\u00fcck, C. E. Of marsupials and men: \u201cBackdoor\u201d dihydrotestosterone synthesis in male sexual differentiation. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 371, 124\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"8070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14634","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007695117","volume":"117","author":"N Reisch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reisch, N., Auchus, R. J., Shackleton, C. H. L., Hanley, N. A. & Arlt, W. Alternative androgen pathway biosynthesis drives fetal female virilization in P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 14634\u201314635 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"8070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000002","volume":"17","author":"PJ O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy, P. J. et al. Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000002 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"8070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22294","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906623116","volume":"116","author":"N Reisch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reisch, N. et al. Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 22294\u201322299 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"8070_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Valle, I. et al. An integrated single-cell analysis of human adrenal cortex development. JCI Insight 8, e168177 (2023).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168177"},{"key":"8070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13993-7","volume":"11","author":"S Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies divergent developmental lineage trajectories during human pituitary development. Nat. Commun. 11, 1\u201316 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"8070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf6251","volume":"9","author":"BR Herb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herb, B. R. et al. Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the human hypothalamus. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf6251 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"8070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs181","volume":"23","author":"TH Priddle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Priddle, T. H. & Crow, T. J. Protocadherin 11X\/Y a human-specific gene pair: an immunohistochemical survey of fetal and adult brains. Cereb. Cortex 23, 1933\u20131941 (2013).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"8070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0056-4","volume":"7","author":"MM Johansson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johansson, M. M. et al. Spatial sexual dimorphism of X and y homolog gene expression in the human central nervous system during early male development. Biol. Sex. Differ. 7, 1\u201317 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"8070_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12042","volume":"1288","author":"TH Priddle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Priddle, T. H. & Crow, T. J. The protocadherin 11X\/Y (PCDH11X\/Y) gene pair as determinant of cerebral asymmetry in modern Homo sapiens. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 1288, 36\u201347 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"8070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31186","volume":"156","author":"MD Speevak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Speevak, M. D. & Farrell, S. A. Non-syndromic language delay in a child with disruption in the Protocadherin11X\/Y gene pair. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 156, 484\u2013489 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"8070_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00934-x","volume":"14","author":"R Nardello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nardello, R. et al. A paradigmatic autistic phenotype associated with loss of PCDH11Y and NLGN4Y genes. BMC Med. Genomics 14, 1\u20135 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genomics"},{"key":"8070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05832-6","volume":"47","author":"LM Alsubaie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsubaie, L. M. et al. Risk Y-haplotypes and pathogenic variants of Arab-ancestry boys with autism by an exome-wide association study. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47, 7623\u20137632 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"8070_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000093329","volume":"114","author":"ND Wilson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilson, N. D., Ross, L. J. N., Crow, T. J. & Volpi, E. V. PCDH11 is X\/Y homologous in homo sapiens but not in gorilla gorilla and pan troglodytes. Cytogenet Genome Res. 114, 137\u2013139 (2006).","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res."},{"key":"8070_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, T. C., Morris, K. V. & Wood, M. J. A. The role of long non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopment, brain function and neurological disease. Philos. Tran. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 369, 20130507 (2014).","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0507"},{"key":"8070_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.196","volume":"19","author":"G Barry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barry, G. Integrating the roles of long and small non-coding RNA in brain function and disease. Mol. Psychiatry 19, 410\u2013416 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"8070_CR46","first-page":"3202","volume":"26","author":"XQ Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, X. Q., Wang, Z. L., Poon, M. W. & Yang, J. H. Spatial-temporal transcriptional dynamics of long non-coding RNAs in human brain. Hum. Mol. Genet 26, 3202\u20133211 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet"},{"key":"8070_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111399","volume":"8","author":"G Zimmer-Bensch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmer-Bensch, G. Emerging roles of long non-coding rnas as drivers of brain evolution. Cells 8, 1399 (2019).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"8070_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/jmarrocco","volume":"18","author":"J Marrocco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marrocco, J. & McEwen, B. S. Sex in the brain: Hormones and sex differences. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 18, 373\u2013383 (2016).","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"8070_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04330-4","volume":"602","author":"I Kelava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelava, I., Chiaradia, I., Pellegrini, L., Kalinka, A. T. & Lancaster, M. A. Androgens increase excitatory neurogenic potential in human brain organoids. Nature 602, 112\u2013116 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8070_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36916","volume":"6","author":"MS Bramble","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bramble, M. S. et al. Sex-specific effects of testosterone on the sexually dimorphic transcriptome and epigenome of embryonic neural stem\/progenitor cells. Sci. Rep. 6, 36916 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8070_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.021","volume":"179","author":"RL Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker, R. L. et al. Genetic control of expression and splicing in developing human brain informs disease mechanisms. Cell 179, 750\u2013771.e22 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8070_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07699-4","volume":"8","author":"JP Suntharalingham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suntharalingham, J. P. et al. The transcriptomic landscape of monosomy X (45,X) during early human fetal and placental development. Commun. Biol. 8, 249 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"8070_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobin, A. et al. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29, 15\u201321 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"8070_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","volume":"30","author":"Y Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics 30, 923\u2013930 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"8070_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love, M. I., Huber, W. & Anders, S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 15, 550 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"8070_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3","volume":"16","author":"H Heberle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heberle, H., Meirelles, V. G., da Silva, F. R., Telles, G. P. & Minghim, R. InteractiVenn: a web-based tool for the analysis of sets through Venn diagrams. BMC Bioinforma. 16, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"8070_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buonocore, F. et al. Supplementary data files \u2014transcriptomic sex differences in early humam fetal brain development. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.04.583285 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.04.583285"},{"key":"8070_CR58","first-page":"12","volume":"16","author":"Y Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. A single-cell transcriptome atlas of human early embryogenesis. bioRxiv Prepr. 16, 12\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr."},{"key":"8070_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.039","volume":"184","author":"AE Trevino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trevino, A. E. et al. Chromatin and gene-regulatory dynamics of the developing human cerebral cortex at single-cell resolution. Cell 184, 5053\u20135069.e23 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-08070-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-08070-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-08070-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T18:02:00Z","timestamp":1745604120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-08070-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-08070-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"664"}}