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A major challenge in understanding treatment response is the complex, bone metastatic niche. Here, we report the first patient-specific microphysiological system (MPS) to incorporate six primary human stromal cell types found in the metastatic bone niche (mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages), alongside an endothelial microvessel, and prostate tumor epithelial spheroids in an optimized media that supports their viability and phenotype. We tested two standard of care drugs, darolutamide and docetaxel, in addition to sacituzumab govitecan (SG), currently in clinical trials for prostate cancer, demonstrating that the MPS accurately replicates androgen response sensitivity and captures stromal microenvironment-mediated resistance. This advanced MPS provides a robust platform for investigating the biological mechanisms of treatment response and for identification and testing of therapeutics to advance patient-specific MPS towards personalized clinical-decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08384-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:15:40Z","timestamp":1751372140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Engineering the bone metastatic prostate cancer niche through a microphysiological system to report patient-specific treatment response"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"S\u00e1nchez-de-Diego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi Chandra","family":"Yada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7395-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Sethakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline B.","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Heninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauzan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Virumbrales-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Lupsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmett","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacey","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Ponik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0128-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina N.","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0415-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Beebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena C.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"8384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","volume":"74","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegel, R. 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