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However, since digital ribcage reconstructions of fossil <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> are not available yet, it is unknown whether these individuals would have had a primitive or derived thorax. To address this issue, we first reconstructed the ribcages of Nazlet Khater 2, Ohalo II H2, Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice 13, and \u00d6tzi. We used geometric morphometrics to compare them to 59 recent <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> and three other <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> fossils (Nariokotome Boy, Kebara 2, Shanidar 3). Fossil <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> ribcages exhibit the typical globular proportions of recent humans. Additionally, size and shape seem to be climate-dependent: smaller, cylindrical ribcages in warmer and more temperate climates (Nazlet Khater 2, Ohalo II H2) contrasted with larger, broader ribcages in colder climates (Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice 13). The ribcage of \u00d6tzi presented mixed features, something that could have been beneficial for seasonal alpine transhumance. This suggests <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> ribcage morphology encompasses both slender and stockier forms, highlighting that human anatomical variation might be more complex and context-dependent than previously thought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08472-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:27:59Z","timestamp":1752161279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fossil ribcages of Homo sapiens provide new insights into modern human evolution"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Crevecoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hila","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7736-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani","family":"Nadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Palancar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"G\u00f3mez-Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"8472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9:6<229::AID-EVAN1002>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"9","author":"OM Pearson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pearson, O. 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