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Recent studies demonstrated that aerosols can become acidic, and acidification has been proposed as decontamination method. Here, we investigate how SARS-CoV-2 reacts to acidic pH and by which mechanism the virus is inactivated. We show that a pH below 3 is required to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in a period of seconds to minutes. While we measured a 1000 to 10,000-fold drop in infectivity, virion structure remained intact under these conditions. Using super-resolution microscopy, we found that the attachment of virions to target cells is abrogated after acidic treatment, revealing spike protein (S) as the major inactivation target. Limited proteolysis of S combined with testing spike-specific antibodies for binding under low pH conditions revealed that exposure of SARS-CoV-2 to pH below 3 results in partial unfolding of S, thereby preventing binding of virions to target cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08514-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T16:38:05Z","timestamp":1753115885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 at acidic pH is driven by partial unfolding of spike"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Glas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liv","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beiping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie O.","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6680-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni G.","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liviana K.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon C.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Gaggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Bluvshtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Nenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich K.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Chlanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Stertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"8514_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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