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While changes in primary motor cortex (M1) activity during effort and reward valuation have been reported, prior work on apathy and effort-based decision-making has overlooked the connections between fronto\u2013BG structures and M1. Here, we addressed this gap by investigating structural and effective connectivity within fronto-M1, fronto-BG-M1, and intra-M1 circuits in 45 healthy participants using tractography and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. These measures were related to apathy scores and computational parameters of effort and reward valuation modelled from decision-making behavior. Apathy scores were associated with both structural and effective connectivity in orbitofrontal cortex-originating circuits. Additionally, effort and reward valuation were preferentially linked to supplementary motor area-related circuits and intra-M1 GABAergic circuits, respectively. These findings reveal dissociable circuit-level contributions to different dimensions of motivated behavior and identify potential neuromodulation targets for treating apathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08780-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T15:20:51Z","timestamp":1756567251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fronto-motor circuits linked to effort-based decision-making and apathy in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Derosiere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Vassiliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Dricot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Dessain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Delinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Z\u00e9non","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"8780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, H., Husain, M. & Roiser, J. 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