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However, emerging evidence highlights their underappreciated roles during mucosal bacterial infections. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we demonstrate that classical\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. increase IL-1Ra production from both epithelial cells and eosinophils to facilitate immune evasion and persistence. Depletion of IL-1Ra via genetic knockout or antibody neutralization in vivo accelerated bacterial clearance. We show that the\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella<\/jats:italic>\n                    type III secretion system (T3SS) effector, BteA, promotes AkT\/mTOR pathway activation leading to IL-1Ra expression, which is independent of IL-1\u03b1 or IL-1\u03b2 production. Together, our findings uncover the molecular mechanism by which classical Bordetellae exploit host epithelial-eosinophil signaling to exclusively upregulate IL-1Ra and dampen host inflammation for persistence. These results provide therapeutic targets for controlling disease caused by long-term\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and may have broader applications for other respiratory pathogens. Moreover, these insights expand our understanding of eosinophil function beyond traditional paradigms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08884-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:27:32Z","timestamp":1760959652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Bordetella type III secretion system effector BteA targets host eosinophil-epithelial signaling to promote IL-1Ra expression and persistence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katelyn M.","family":"Parrish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"First","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6574-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Kamanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaylyn","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4969-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurit P.","family":"Azouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Mattoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3511-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciaran","family":"Skerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica C.","family":"Gestal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"8884_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","volume":"375","author":"RE Black","year":"2010","unstructured":"Black, R. 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