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Here, we characterize the molecular repertoire of\n                    <jats:italic>C. punctorium<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom to shed light on its evolutionary history. Unlike venom in other spiders,\n                    <jats:italic>C. punctorium<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom mostly comprises neurotoxic double-domain neurotoxin 19 family (CSTX) peptides and enzymes, such as phospholipase A\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PLA\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Comparative venomics in four spiders representing two infraorders shows that CSTXs arise following the mygalomorph\u2013araneomorph split ~300 mya by means of ancestral gene duplication and functional specialization. A gene fusion event then appeared to have merged CSTXs from two distinct clades to form the double-domain toxin. PLA\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    proteins are convergently recruited to\n                    <jats:italic>C. punctorium<\/jats:italic>\n                    to fulfil a defensive function and are strikingly similar to proalgesic PLA\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    proteins in bee venom. These complex, multimodal molecular innovations in venom systems highlight nature\u2019s tendency to use the same molecular solutions for similar ecological challenges across diverse animal lineages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09015-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T13:41:18Z","timestamp":1761226878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative venomics suggests an evolutionary adaption of spider venom from predation to defense"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"L\u00fcddecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Hurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Dresler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"L\u00fcbcke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"von Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0377-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Lochnit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Herzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"9015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150039","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0039","volume":"5","author":"CT Stayton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stayton, C. 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