{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1785552837420,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09203-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T12:42:06Z","timestamp":1764852126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Irisin regulates the phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor Ser212 and Ser234 and mediates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yina","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6396-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1462","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1462","volume":"12","author":"K Mukund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukund, K. & Subramaniam, S. Skeletal muscle: a review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 12, e1462 (2020).","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"9203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20123-1","volume":"12","author":"R Sartori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sartori, R., Romanello, V. & Sandri, M. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease. Nat. Commun. 12, 330 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burford, N. G., Webster, N. A. & Cruz-Topete, D. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation of glucocorticoids in the cardiovascular system. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 2150 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102150"},{"key":"9203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01419-7","volume":"63","author":"JE M\u00f6hlmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00f6hlmann, J. E. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemic corticosteroids in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a review of current evidence. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 63, 1251\u20131270 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"9203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.036","volume":"45","author":"O Schakman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schakman, O., Kalista, S., Barb\u00e9, C., Loumaye, A. & Thissen, J. P. Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 45, 2163\u20132172 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"9203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00683-6","volume":"18","author":"JX Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, J. X. & Cummins, C. L. Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18, 540\u2013557 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115407","volume":"208","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Chronic kidney disease-induced muscle atrophy: Molecular mechanisms and promising therapies. Biochem. Pharm. 208, 115407 (2023).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"9203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.003","volume":"74","author":"NC Gassen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gassen, N. C., Chrousos, G. P., Binder, E. B. & Zannas, A. S. Life stress, glucocorticoid signaling, and the aging epigenome: implications for aging-related diseases. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 74, 356\u2013365 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"9203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R157","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0489","volume":"28","author":"I Mayayo-Peralta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayayo-Peralta, I., Zwart, W. & Prekovic, S. Duality of glucocorticoid action in cancer: tumor-suppressor or oncogene. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 28, R157\u2013r171 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"9203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1026","volume":"37","author":"SC Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong, S. C. et al. Growth and the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor 1 axis in children with chronic inflammation: current evidence, gaps in knowledge, and future directions. Endocr. Rev. 37, 62\u2013110 (2016).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"9203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagetti, B. & Sim\u00f3, R. GH\/IGF-1 abnormalities and muscle impairment: from basic research to clinical practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 415 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010415"},{"key":"9203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvaa087","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa087","volume":"4","author":"D Ruiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruiz, D., Padmanabhan, V. & Sargis, R. M. Stress, sex, and sugar: glucocorticoids and sex-steroid crosstalk in the sex-specific misprogramming of metabolism. J. Endocr. Soc. 4, bvaa087 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"9203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739251","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.739251","volume":"8","author":"LT Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, L. T. & Wang, J. H. The therapeutic intervention of sex steroid hormones for sarcopenia. Front. Med. 8, 739251 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"9203_CR14","first-page":"664","volume":"158","author":"AY Sato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sato, A. Y. et al. Glucocorticoids induce bone and muscle atrophy by tissue-specific mechanisms upstream of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Endocrinology 158, 664\u2013677 (2017).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"9203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1210502","volume":"80","author":"J Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, J., Park, M. Y., Kim, H. K., Park, Y. & Whang, K. Y. Cortisone and dexamethasone inhibit myogenesis by modulating the AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in C2C12. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem 80, 2093\u20132099 (2016).","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem"},{"key":"9203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058554","volume":"8","author":"Y Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Pan, J. S. & Zhang, L. Myostatin suppression of Akirin1 mediates glucocorticoid-induced satellite cell dysfunction. PLoS One 8, e58554 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","volume":"295","author":"DS Waddell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waddell, D. S. et al. The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, E785\u2013E797 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"9203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. S., Ahmad, K., Lee, E. J., Lee, Y. H. & Choi, I. Implications of insulin-like growth factor-1 in skeletal muscle and various diseases. Cells. 9, 1773 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081773"},{"key":"9203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26573","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110530200","volume":"277","author":"Z Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Frederick, J. & Garabedian, M. J. Deciphering the phosphorylation \u201ccode\u201d of the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 26573\u201326580 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"9203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-230375","volume":"27","author":"TP Braun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Braun, T. P. et al. Cancer- and endotoxin-induced cachexia require intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. Faseb J. 27, 3572\u20133582 (2013).","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"9203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106489","volume":"9","author":"TP Braun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Braun, T. P. et al. Muscle atrophy in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy is dependent on intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 9, e106489 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-38","volume":"9","author":"JT Lynch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lynch, J. T. et al. The role of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in Mcl-1 and NOXA gene expression. Mol. Cancer 9, 38 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"9203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0338","volume":"21","author":"Z Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Chen, W., Kono, E., Dang, T. & Garabedian, M. J. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation and transcriptional activity by a C-terminal-associated protein phosphatase. Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 625\u2013634 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deploey, N., Van Moortel, L., Rogatsky, I., Peelman, F. & De Bosscher, K. The Biologist\u2019s Guide to the glucocorticoid receptor\u2019s structure. Cells. 12, 1636 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121636"},{"key":"9203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.007","volume":"132","author":"RH Oakley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oakley, R. H. & Cidlowski, J. A. The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: new signaling mechanisms in health and disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132, 1033\u20131044 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"9203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takabe, S., Mochizuki, K. & Goda, T. De-phosphorylation of GR at Ser203 in nuclei associates with GR nuclear translocation and GLUT5 gene expression in Caco-2 cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 475, 1\u20136 (2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.03.036"},{"key":"9203_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2050","volume":"95","author":"I Rogatsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rogatsky, I., Logan, S. K. & Garabedian, M. J. Antagonism of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2050\u20132055 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"9203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0144","volume":"16","author":"M Itoh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Itoh, M. et al. Nuclear export of glucocorticoid receptor is enhanced by c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Mol. Endocrinol. 16, 2382\u20132392 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0528","volume":"19","author":"AL Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller, A. L. et al. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphoid cells: correlation between p38 MAPK activation and site-specific phosphorylation of the human glucocorticoid receptor at serine 211. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 1569\u20131583 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0345","volume":"21","author":"T Kino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kino, T. et al. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 differentially regulates the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor through phosphorylation: clinical implications for the nervous system response to glucocorticoids and stress. Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 1552\u20131568 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeyen, L., Seternes, O. M. & Mikkola, I. Crosstalk between p38 MAPK and GR signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 3322 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063322"},{"key":"9203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.7.3947","volume":"17","author":"MD Krstic","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krstic, M. D., Rogatsky, I., Yamamoto, K. R. & Garabedian, M. J. Mitogen-activated and cyclin-dependent protein kinases selectively and differentially modulate transcriptional enhancement by the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol. Cell Biol. 17, 3947\u20133954 (1997).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"9203_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05866-11","volume":"31","author":"AJ Galliher-Beckley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galliher-Beckley, A. J., Williams, J. G. & Cidlowski, J. A. Ligand-independent phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor integrates cellular stress pathways with nuclear receptor signaling. Mol. Cell Biol. 31, 4663\u20134675 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"9203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01131-0","volume":"8","author":"MM Reza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reza, M. M. et al. Irisin is a pro-myogenic factor that induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and rescues denervation-induced atrophy. Nat. Commun. 8, 1104 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1159\/000533926","volume":"48","author":"T Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, T. et al. Irisin ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation and pyroptosis induced by palmitic acid in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res. 48, 628\u2013641 (2023).","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"9203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13141","volume":"14","author":"M Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, M. et al. Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14, 391\u2013405 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"9203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1085","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00232.2023","volume":"325","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Irisin deficiency exacerbates diet-induced insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction in type II diabetes in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 325, C1085\u2013c1096 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"9203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.42","volume":"38","author":"JY Huh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huh, J. Y., Dincer, F., Mesfum, E. & Mantzoros, C. S. Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans. Int. J. Obes. 38, 1538\u20131544 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"9203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225755","volume":"27","author":"T Shan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shan, T., Liang, X., Bi, P. & Kuang, S. Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through activating the AMPK-PGC1\u03b1-Fndc5 pathway in muscle. Faseb J. 27, 1981\u20131989 (2013).","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"9203_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2019.05.008","volume":"149","author":"S Adhikary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adhikary, S., Kothari, P., Choudhary, D., Tripathi, A. K. & Trivedi, R. Glucocorticoid aggravates bone micro-architecture deterioration and skeletal muscle atrophy in mice fed on high-fat diet. Steroids 149, 108416 (2019).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"9203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105808","volume":"100","author":"K Alev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alev, K. et al. Short-time recovery skeletal muscle from dexamethasone-induced atrophy and weakness in old female rats. Clin. Biomech. 100, 105808 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"9203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917113","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113","volume":"13","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen, Y. et al. Diabetic muscular atrophy: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 917113 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"9203_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.200","volume":"40","author":"J Dong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dong, J. et al. Inhibition of myostatin in mice improves insulin sensitivity via irisin-mediated cross talk between muscle and adipose tissues. Int. J. Obes. 40, 434\u2013442 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"9203_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00012","volume":"6","author":"TP Braun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Braun, T. P. & Marks, D. L. The regulation of muscle mass by endogenous glucocorticoids. Front. Physiol. 6, 12 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"9203_CR45","first-page":"12","volume":"39","author":"BY Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, B. Y. et al. Is dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy an alternative model for naturally aged sarcopenia model. J. Orthop. Transl. 39, 12\u201320 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"9203_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammers, D. W. et al. Glucocorticoids counteract hypertrophic effects of myostatin inhibition in dystrophic muscle. JCI Insight. 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.133276 (2020).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133276"},{"key":"9203_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.245","volume":"61","author":"AJ Galliher-Beckley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galliher-Beckley, A. J. & Cidlowski, J. A. Emerging roles of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in modulating glucocorticoid hormone action in health and disease. IUBMB Life 61, 979\u2013986 (2009).","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"9203_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2020.1728765","volume":"42","author":"DK Ingawale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ingawale, D. K. & Mandlik, S. K. New insights into the novel anti-inflammatory mode of action of glucocorticoids. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 42, 59\u201373 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"9203_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.038","volume":"14","author":"RM de Guia","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Guia, R. M. Stress, glucocorticoid signaling pathway, and metabolic disorders. Diab. Metab. Syndr. 14, 1273\u20131280 (2020).","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"9203_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051059","volume":"13","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. Bone marrow homeostasis is impaired via JAK\/STAT and glucocorticoid signaling in cancer cachexia model. Cancers 13, 1059 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"9203_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13073","volume":"14","author":"A Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, A., Gallot, Y. S. & Freyssenet, D. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass: data analysis from preclinical and clinical studies. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14, 1150\u20131167 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"9203_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10777","volume":"481","author":"P Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m, P. et al. A PGC1-\u03b1-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 481, 463\u2013468 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9203_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02557-8","volume":"7","author":"G Colaianni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colaianni, G. et al. Irisin prevents and restores bone loss and muscle atrophy in hind-limb suspended mice. Sci. Rep. 7, 2811 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9203_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98553","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21636","volume":"8","author":"MM Reza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reza, M. M. et al. Irisin treatment improves healing of dystrophic skeletal muscle. Oncotarget 8, 98553\u201398566 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"9203_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxab010","volume":"40","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Mst1\/2 is necessary for satellite cell differentiation to promote muscle regeneration. Stem Cells 40, 74\u201387 (2022).","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"9203_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16100","volume":"289","author":"S Vettorazzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vettorazzi, S., Nalbantoglu, D., Gebhardt, J. C. M. & Tuckermann, J. A guide to changing paradigms of glucocorticoid receptor function\u2014a model system for genome regulation and physiology. FEBS J. 289, 5718\u20135743 (2022).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"9203_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.11.002","volume":"40","author":"RA Panettieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panettieri, R. A. et al. Non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids: an updated view. Trends Pharm. Sci. 40, 38\u201349 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"9203_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gerber, A. N., Newton, R. & Sasse, S. K. Repression of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor: a parsimonious model for the genomics era. J. Biol. Chem. 296, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100687 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100687"},{"key":"9203_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020623","volume":"22","author":"C Beaupere","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beaupere, C., Liboz, A., F\u00e8ve, B., Blondeau, B. & Guillemain, G. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 623 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"9203_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00389.2016","volume":"312","author":"SH Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang, S. H. et al. Forkhead box O3 plays a role in skeletal muscle atrophy through expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 312, E495\u2013e507 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"9203_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.01.002","volume":"109","author":"RD Blind","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blind, R. D. & Garabedian, M. J. Differential recruitment of glucocorticoid receptor phospho-isoforms to glucocorticoid-induced genes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 109, 150\u2013157 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"9203_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02367-4","volume":"472","author":"JS Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang, J. S. & Kong, I. D. Irisin prevents dexamethasone-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Pflugers Arch 472, 2020\u2013502 (2020).","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"9203_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-012-0352-6","volume":"9","author":"TKP Doan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doan, T. K. P. et al. Inhibition of JNK and ERK pathways by SP600125-and U0126-enhanced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 9, 283\u2013294 (2012).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"9203_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927083","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.927083","volume":"13","author":"Y You","year":"2022","unstructured":"You, Y. et al. U0126: Not only a MAPK kinase inhibitor. Front. Pharm. 13, 927083 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"9203_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.025","volume":"175","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Irisin mediates effects on bone and fat via \u03b1V integrin receptors. Cell 175, 1756\u20131768.e1717 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9203_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5973","volume":"38","author":"G Kong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kong, G. et al. Irisin reverses the IL-6 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion through the STAT3\/Snail signaling pathway. Oncol. Rep. 38, 2647\u20132656 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"9203_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.08.012","volume":"111","author":"E Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, E. et al. Irisin reduces amyloid-\u03b2 by inducing the release of neprilysin from astrocytes following downregulation of ERK-STAT3 signaling. Neuron 111, 3619\u20133633.e3618 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9203_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D877","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1012","volume":"45","author":"N Rappaport","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rappaport, N. et al. MalaCards: an amalgamated human disease compendium with diverse clinical and genetic annotation and structured search. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, D877\u2013d887 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"9203_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2024.02.010","volume":"19","author":"K Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. MST1\/2 regulates fibro\/adipogenic progenitor fate decisions in skeletal muscle regeneration. Stem Cell Rep. 19, 501\u2013514 (2024).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"9203_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00648-0","volume":"7","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Trimetazidine attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via inhibiting NLRP3\/GSDMD pathway-mediated pyroptosis. Cell Death Discov. 7, 251 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09203-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09203-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09203-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:03:27Z","timestamp":1764857007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09203-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-09203-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1746"}}