{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:34:53Z","timestamp":1783042493478,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-10222S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-10222S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-10222S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-10222S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-10222S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-10222S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-10222S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-10222S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09334-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:17:20Z","timestamp":1765599440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Breeding male mole-rats (Fukomys) use strong bites to defend reproductive monopoly"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radim","family":"\u0160umbera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Mikula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Okrouhl\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Measey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Begall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Z\u00f6ttl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Herrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"L\u00f6vy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9334_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1163\/156853996X00288","volume":"133","author":"P Palanza","year":"1996","unstructured":"Palanza, P., Mainardi, D., Brain, P. F. & Parmigiani, S. Male and female competitive strategies of wild house mice pairs (Mus musculus domesticus) confronted with intruders of different sex and age in artificial territories. Behaviour 133, 863\u2013882 (1996).","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"9334_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males. Am. Nat. 121, 716\u2013728 (1983).","DOI":"10.1086\/284097"},{"key":"9334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05386","volume":"444","author":"TH Clutton-Brock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clutton-Brock, T. H. et al. Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals. Nature 444, 1065\u20131068 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9334_CR4","unstructured":"Emlen, S. T. Predicting family dynamics in social vertebrates. in Behavioural Ecology: an Evolutionary Approach (eds Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.) 228\u2013253 (Blackwell Scientific, 1997)."},{"key":"9334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02304.x","volume":"24","author":"SP Sharp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharp, S. P. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Competition, breeding success and ageing rates in female meerkats: competition and senescence in meerkats. J. Evol. Biol. 24, 1756\u20131762 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR6","unstructured":"Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. Fighting and assessment. in An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology (eds Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.) 147\u2013174 (Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1993)."},{"key":"9334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husak, J. F., Kristopher Lappin, A., Fox, S. F. & Lemos-Espinal, J. A. Bite-force performance predicts dominance in male venerable collared lizards (Crotaphytus antiquus). Copeia 2006, 301\u2013306 (2006).","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2006)6[301:BPPDIM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"9334_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2891","volume":"271","author":"SP Lailvaux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lailvaux, S. P., Herrel, A., VanHooydonck, B., Meyers, J. J. & Irschick, D. J. Performance capacity, fighting tactics and the evolution of life\u2013stage male morphs in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271, 2501\u20132508 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2007.00905.x","volume":"93","author":"RA Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson, R. A., Mcbrayer, L. D. & Herrel, A. Bite force in vertebrates: opportunities and caveats for use of a nonpareil whole-animal performance measure. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 93, 709\u2013720 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"9334_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.012211","volume":"211","author":"A Herrel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herrel, A., De Smet, A., Aguirre, L. F. & Aerts, P. Morphological and mechanical determinants of bite force in bats: Do muscles matter?. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 86\u201391 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb245255","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245255","volume":"226","author":"A van der Meijden","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Meijden, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez, J. C., Pulido-Osorio, M. D. & Herrel, A. Measurement of voluntary bite forces in large carnivores using a semi-automated reward-driven system. J. Exp. Biol. 226, jeb245255 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2003.00721.x","volume":"17","author":"LF Aguirre","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aguirre, L. F., Herrel, A., Van Damme, R. & MatThysen, E. The implications of food hardness for diet in bats. Funct. Ecol. 17, 201\u2013212 (2003).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[347:BFAEAT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"P Christiansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores. Ecology 88, 347\u2013358 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"9334_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12937","volume":"29","author":"R Maestri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maestri, R., Patterson, B. D., Fornel, R., Monteiro, L. R. & De Freitas, T. R. O. Diet, bite force and skull morphology in the generalist rodent morphotype. J. Evol. Biol. 29, 2191\u20132204 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01703.x","volume":"24","author":"SE Santana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santana, S. E., Dumont, E. R. & Davis, J. L. Mechanics of bite force production and its relationship to diet in bats. Funct. Ecol. 24, 776\u2013784 (2010).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00696.x","volume":"16","author":"D Verwaijen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verwaijen, D., Van Damme, R. & Herrel, A. Relationships between head size, bite force, prey handling efficiency and diet in two sympatric lacertid lizards. Funct. Ecol. 16, 842\u2013850 (2002).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.014","volume":"100","author":"TA Gowan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gowan, T. A., Mcbrayer, L. D. & Rostal, D. C. Seasonal variation in testosterone and performance in males of a non-territorial lizard species. Physiol. Behav. 100, 357\u2013363 (2010).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"9334_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.01176.x","volume":"96","author":"JF Husak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Husak, J. F., Lappin, A. K. & Van Den Bussche, R. A. The fitness advantage of a high-performance weapon. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 96, 840\u2013845 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"9334_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1086\/432564","volume":"166","author":"AK Lappin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lappin, A. K. & Husak, J. F. Weapon performance, not size, determines mating success and potential reproductive output in the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris). Am. Nat. 166, 426\u2013436 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"9334_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blab071","volume":"134","author":"P Zablocki-Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zablocki-Thomas, P., Lailvaux, S., Aujard, F., Pouydebat, E. & Herrel, A. Maternal and genetic correlations between morphology and physical performance traits in a small captive primate, Microcebus murinus. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 134, 28\u201339 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"9334_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw010","volume":"56","author":"A Herrel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herrel, A. et al. Do adult phenotypes reflect selection on juvenile performance? A comparative study on performance and morphology in lizards. Integr. Comp. Biol. 56, 469\u2013478 (2016).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR22","unstructured":"Begall, S., Burda, H. & \u0160umbera, R. Graumulle: Cryptomys und Fukomys (VerlagsKG Wolf, 2018)."},{"key":"9334_CR23","unstructured":"Bennett, N. C. & Faulkes, C. G. African Mole-Rats\u2014Ecology and Eusociality (Cambridge University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"9334_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues, H. G., \u0160umbera, R., Hautier, L. & Herrel, A. Digging up convergence in fossorial rodents: insights into burrowing activity and morpho-functional specializations of the masticatory apparatus. in Convergent Evolution: Animal Form and Function (eds Bels, V. L. & Russell, A. P.) 37\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-11441-0_3 (Springer International Publishing, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-11441-0_3"},{"key":"9334_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14132","volume":"36","author":"A Kraus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kraus, A. et al. Bite force in the strictly subterranean rodent family of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae): the role of digging mode, social organization and ecology. Funct. Ecol. 36, 2344\u20132355 (2022).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2019.00070","volume":"13","author":"NJ Hite","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hite, N. J. et al. The better to eat you with: bite force in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is stronger than predicted based on body size. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 13, 70 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"9334_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1086\/594379","volume":"82","author":"PAAG van Daele","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Daele, P. A. A. G., Herrel, A. & Adriaens, D. Biting performance in teeth-digging African mole-rats (Fukomys, Bathyergidae, Rodentia). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82, 40\u201350 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21540","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21540","volume":"284","author":"H Gomes Rodrigues","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gomes Rodrigues, H. & Damette, M. Incipient morphological specializations associated with fossorial life in the skull of ground squirrels (Sciuridae, Rodentia). J. Morphol. 284, e21540 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"9334_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildebrand, M. Digging of Quadrupeds. in Functional Vertebrate Morphology (eds Hildebrand, M., Bramble, D. M., Liem, K. F. & Wake, D. B.) 89\u2013109 (Harvard University Press, 1985).","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c6"},{"key":"9334_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050669","volume":"47","author":"H Burda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burda, H., Honeycutt, R. L., Begall, S., Locker-Grutjen, O. & Scharff, A. Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, why?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47, 293\u2013303 (2000).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"9334_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02131.x","volume":"13","author":"JM Bishop","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bishop, J. M., Jarvis, J. U. M., Spinks, A. C., Bennett, N. C. & O\u2019Ryan, C. Molecular insight into patterns of colony composition and paternity in the common mole-rat Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus. Mol. Ecol. 13, 1217\u20131229 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/11.1.7","volume":"11","author":"S Braude","year":"2000","unstructured":"Braude, S. Dispersal and new colony formation in wild naked mole-rats: evidence against inbreeding as the system of mating. Behav. Ecol. 11, 7\u201312 (2000).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12834","volume":"313","author":"S Braude","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braude, S., Hess, J. & Ingram, C. Inter-colony invasion between wild naked mole-rat colonies. J. Zool. 313, 37\u201342 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02233.x","volume":"13","author":"TM Burland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burland, T. M., Bennett, N. C., Jarvis, J. U. M. & Faulkes, C. G. Colony structure and parentage in wild colonies of co-operatively breeding Damaraland mole-rats suggest incest avoidance alone may not maintain reproductive skew. Mol. Ecol. 13, 2371\u20132379 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-021-01950-2","volume":"21","author":"S Mynhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mynhardt, S., Harris-Barnes, L., Bloomer, P. & Bennett, N. C. Spatial population genetic structure and colony dynamics in Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis) from the southern Kalahari. BMC Ecol. Evol. 21, 221 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"9334_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12434","volume":"22","author":"H Patzenhauerov\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patzenhauerov\u00e1, H., \u0160kl\u00edba, J., Bryja, J. & \u0160umbera, R. Parentage analysis of Ansell\u2019s mole-rat family groups indicates a high reproductive skew despite relatively relaxed ecological constraints on dispersal. Mol. Ecol. 22, 4988\u20135000 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monadjem, A., Taylor, P. J., Denys, C. & Cotterill, F. P. D. Rodents of Sub-Saharan Africa: a Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis. (De Gruyter, 2015).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110301915"},{"key":"9334_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrad023","volume":"7","author":"J Thorley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thorley, J., Bensch, H. M., Finn, K., Clutton-Brock, T. & Z\u00f6ttl, M. Damaraland mole-rats do not rely on helpers for reproduction or survival. Evol. Lett. 7, 203\u2013215 (2023).","journal-title":"Evol. Lett."},{"key":"9334_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130075","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0075","volume":"368","author":"AJ Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young, A. J. & Bennett, N. C. Intra-sexual selection in cooperative mammals and birds: why are females not bigger and better armed? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20130075 (2013).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160820","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0820","volume":"12","author":"M Z\u00f6ttl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z\u00f6ttl, M., Thorley, J., Gaynor, D., Bennett, N. C. & Clutton-Brock, T. Variation in growth of Damaraland mole-rats is explained by competition rather than by functional specialization for different tasks. Biol. Lett. 12, 20160820 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"9334_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638754","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.638754","volume":"9","author":"KR Caspar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caspar, K. R., M\u00fcller, J. & Begall, S. Effects of sex and breeding status on skull morphology in cooperatively breeding Ansell\u2019s mole-rats and an appraisal of sexual dimorphism in the Bathyergidae. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9, 638754 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"9334_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180897","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0897","volume":"285","author":"J Thorley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thorley, J., Katlein, N., Goddard, K., Z\u00f6ttl, M. & Clutton-Brock, T. Reproduction triggers adaptive increases in body size in female mole-rats. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20180897 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01066.x","volume":"64","author":"AJ Young","year":"2010","unstructured":"Young, A. J. & Bennett, N. C. Morphological divergence of breeders and helpers in wild Damaraland mole-rat societies. Evolution 64, 3190\u20133197 (2010).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"9334_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2008.00459.x","volume":"275","author":"PW Freeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freeman, P. W. & Lemen, C. A. A simple morphological predictor of bite force in rodents. J. Zool. 275, 418\u2013422 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12691","volume":"117","author":"AF McIntosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"McIntosh, A. F. & Cox, P. G. Functional implications of craniomandibular morphology in African mole-rats (Rodentia: Bathyergidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 117, 447\u2013462 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"9334_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04305.x","volume":"220","author":"NC Bennett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bennett, N. C. Behaviour and social organization in a colony of the Damaraland mole-rat Cryptomys damarensis. J. Zool. 220, 225\u2013247 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200475","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0475","volume":"16","author":"Y Francioli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Francioli, Y., Thorley, J., Finn, K., Clutton-Brock, T. & Z\u00f6ttl, M. Breeders are less active foragers than non-breeders in wild Damaraland mole-rats. Biol. Lett. 16, 20200475 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"9334_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/araa015","volume":"31","author":"TM Houslay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houslay, T. M., Vullioud, P., Z\u00f6ttl, M. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Benefits of cooperation in captive Damaraland mole-rats. Behav. Ecol. 31, 711\u2013718 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055357","volume":"8","author":"M L\u00f6vy","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f6vy, M., \u0160kl\u00edba, J. & \u0160umbera, R. Spatial and temporal activity patterns of the free-living giant mole-rat (Fukomys mechowii), the largest social Bathyergid. PLoS ONE 8, e55357 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9334_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37497","volume":"6","author":"J \u0160kl\u00edba","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u0160kl\u00edba, J., L\u00f6vy, M., Burda, H. & \u0160umbera, R. Variability of space-use patterns in a free living eusocial rodent, Ansell\u2019s mole-rat indicates age-based rather than caste polyethism. Sci. Rep. 6, 37497 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9334_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2986","volume":"272","author":"S Wroe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wroe, S., McHenry, C. & Thomason, J. Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272, 619\u2013625 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12966","volume":"317","author":"DC Deeming","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deeming, D. C., Harrison, S. L. & Sutton, G. P. Inter-relationships among body mass, jaw musculature and bite force in birds. J. Zool. 317, 129\u2013137 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2007.00772.x","volume":"91","author":"A Herrel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Mcbrayer, L. D. & Larson, P. M. Functional basis for sexual differences in bite force in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 91, 111\u2013119 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"9334_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111661","volume":"159","author":"EJ Rebol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rebol, E. J. & Anderson, D. J. Sex-specific aging in bite force in a wild vertebrate. Exp. Gerontol. 159, 111661 (2022).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"9334_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12225","volume":"296","author":"P Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, P. et al. Sexual dimorphism in bite force in the grey mouse lemur. J. Zool. 296, 133\u2013138 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1139\/z11-007","volume":"89","author":"F Becerra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Becerra, F., Echeverr\u00eda, A., Vassallo, A. I. & Casinos, A. Bite force and jaw biomechanics in the subterranean rodent Talas tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum) (Caviomorpha: Octodontoidea). Can. J. Zool. 89, 334\u2013342 (2011).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1999.00305.x","volume":"13","author":"A Herrel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Spithoven, L., Van Damme, R. & De Vree, F. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Gallotia galloti: testing the niche divergence hypothesis by functional analyses. Funct. Ecol. 13, 289\u2013297 (1999).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330770311","volume":"77","author":"RF Kay","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kay, R. F., Plavcan, J. M., Glander, K. E. & Wright, P. C. Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in new world monkeys. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 77, 385\u2013397 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"9334_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12191","volume":"225","author":"JS Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris, J. S. & Brandt, E. K. Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus). J. Anat. 225, 1\u201311 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"9334_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01739.x","volume":"58","author":"AF Russell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Russell, A. F., Carlson, A. A., McIlrath, G. M., Jordan, N. R. & Clutton-Brock, T. Adaptive size modification by dominant female meerkats. Evolution 58, 1600\u20131607 (2004).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"9334_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"AR Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, A. R., Damasceno, E. M. & Ast\u00faa, D. Bite force sexual dimorphism in Canidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): Relations between diet, sociality and bite force intersexual differences. Hystrix 31, 1\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"9334_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02027122","volume":"33","author":"JUM Jarvis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jarvis, J. U. M. & Bennett, N. C. Eusociality has evolved independently in two genera of bathyergid mole-rats\u2014but occurs in no other subterranean mammal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 33, 253\u2013260 (1993).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"9334_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-011-0059-4","volume":"57","author":"R \u0160umbera","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R. et al. Burrow architecture, family composition and habitat characteristics of the largest social African mole-rat: The giant mole-rat constructs really giant burrow systems. Acta Theriol. 57, 121\u2013130 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"9334_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12602","volume":"306","author":"M Torrents-Tic\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torrents-Tic\u00f3, M., Bennett, N. C., Jarvis, J. U. M. & Z\u00f6ttl, M. Sex differences in timing and context of dispersal in Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis). J. Zool. 306, 252\u2013257 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2019.02.002","volume":"95","author":"PAAG van Daele","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Daele, P. A. A. G., Desmet, N., \u0160umbera, R. & Adriaens, D. Work behaviour and biting performance in the cooperative breeding Micklem\u2019s mole-rat Fukomys micklemi (Bathyergidae, Rodentia). Mamm. Biol. 95, 69\u201376 (2019).","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230276","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0276","volume":"380","author":"S Rotics","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rotics, S., Bensch, H. M., Resheff, Y. S., Clutton-Brock, T. & Z\u00f6ttl, M. Workload distribution in wild Damaraland mole-rat groups. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.\u00a0380, 20230276 (2025).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65760","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65760","volume":"10","author":"RA Johnston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnston, R. A. et al. Morphological and genomic shifts in mole-rat \u2018queens\u2019 increase fecundity but reduce skeletal integrity. eLife 10, e65760 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"9334_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarvis, J. U. M., O\u2019Riain, M. J. & McDaid, E. Growth and factors affecting body size in naked mole-rats. in The Biology of the Naked Mole-Rat (eds Sherman, P. W., Jarvis, J. U. M. & Alexander, R. D.) 358\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400887132-015 (Princeton University Press, 1991).","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400887132-015"},{"key":"9334_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lacey, E. A. & Sherman, P. W. Social organization of naked mole-rat colonies: Evidence for divisions of labor. in The Biology of the Naked Mole-rat (eds Sherman, P. W., Jarvis, J. U. M. & Alexander, R. D.) 275\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400887132-013 (Princeton University Press, 1991).","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400887132-013"},{"key":"9334_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2145","volume":"363","author":"JR Speakman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Speakman, J. R. The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363, 375\u2013398 (2008).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9334_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018757","volume":"6","author":"P Dammann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dammann, P., \u0160umbera, R., Massmann, C., Scherag, A. & Burda, H. Extended longevity of reproductives appears to be common in Fukomys mole-rats (Rodentia, Bathyergidae). PloS ONE 6, e18757 (2011).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"9334_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00006.x","volume":"244","author":"ED Wallace","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wallace, E. D. & Bennett, N. C. The colony structure and social organization of the giant Zambian mole-rat, Cryptomys mechowi. J. Zool. 244, 51\u201361 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.02.012","volume":"16","author":"P Dammann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dammann, P. & Burda, H. Sexual activity and reproduction delay ageing in a mammal. Curr. Biol. 16, R117\u2013R118 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862082","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.862082","volume":"10","author":"S Begall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Begall, S., Bottermann, L. & Caspar, K. R. Self-domestication underground? Testing for social and morphological correlates of animal personality in cooperatively-breeding Ansell\u2019s mole-rats (Fukomys anselli). Front. Ecol. Evol. 10, 862082 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"9334_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01928906","volume":"51","author":"H Burda","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burda, H. Individual recognition and incest avoidance in eusocial common mole-rats rather than reproductive suppression by parents. Experientia 51, 411\u2013413 (1995).","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"9334_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arr138","volume":"22","author":"SP Sharp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharp, S. P. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Reluctant challengers: why do subordinate female meerkats rarely displace their dominant mothers? Behav. Ecol. 22, 1337\u20131343 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/13.2.160","volume":"13","author":"R Cooney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooney, R. Colony defense in Damaraland mole-rats, Cryptomys damarensis. Behav. Ecol. 13, 160\u2013162 (2002).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1998.11448470","volume":"33","author":"DS Jacobs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jacobs, D. S., Reid, S. & Kuiper, S. Out-breeding behaviour and xenophobia in the damaraland mole-rat, Cryptomys damarensis. South Afr. J. Zool. 33, 189\u2013194 (1998).","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00816.x","volume":"252","author":"RWA Hazell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hazell, R. W. A., Bennett, N. C., Jarvis, J. U. M. & Griffin, M. Adult dispersal in the co-operatively breeding Damaraland mole-rat (Cryptomys damarensis): a case study from the Waterberg region of Namibia. J. Zool. 252, 19\u201325 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arg040","volume":"14","author":"AS Griffin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Griffin, A. S. et al. A genetic analysis of breeding success in the cooperative meerkat (Suricata suricatta). Behav. Ecol. 14, 472\u2013480 (2003).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2012.01983.x","volume":"81","author":"MJ Nelson-Flower","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nelson-Flower, M. J., Hockey, P. A. R., O\u2019Ryan, C. & Ridley, A. R. Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: Dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers. J. Anim. Ecol. 81, 876\u2013883 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.11.003","volume":"79","author":"R \u0160umbera","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R. Thermal biology of a strictly subterranean mammalian family, the African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) - a review. J. Therm. Biol. 79, 166\u2013189 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"9334_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12434","volume":"22","author":"H Patzenhauerov\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patzenhauerov\u00e1, H., \u0160kl\u00edba, J., Bryja, J. & \u0160umbera, R. Parentage analysis of A nsell\u2019s mole-rat family groups indicates a high reproductive skew despite relatively relaxed ecological constraints on dispersal. Mol. Ecol. 22, 4988\u20135000 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"9334_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-023-00604-z","volume":"23","author":"R \u0160umbera","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R. et al. The biology of an isolated Mashona mole-rat population from southern Malawi, with implications for the diversity and biogeography of the genus Fukomys. Org. Divers. Evol. 23, 603\u2013620 (2023).","journal-title":"Org. Divers. Evol."},{"key":"9334_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.04.008","volume":"45","author":"PAAG van Daele","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Daele, P. A. A. G., Verheyen, E., Brunain, M. & Adriaens, D. Cytochrome b sequence analysis reveals differential molecular evolution in African mole-rats of the chromosomally hyperdiverse genus Fukomys (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) from the Zambezian region. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45, 142\u2013157 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"9334_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12398","volume":"301","author":"LR Borges","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borges, L. R. et al. The role of soil features in shaping the bite force and related skull and mandible morphology in the subterranean rodents of genus Ctenomys (Hystricognathi: Ctenomyidae). J. Zool. 301, 108\u2013117 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"9334_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23711","volume":"301","author":"S Ginot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ginot, S., Herrel, A., Claude, J. & Hautier, L. Skull size and biomechanics are good estimators of in vivo bite force in murid rodents. Anat. Rec. 301, 256\u2013266 (2018).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"9334_CR88","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (Vienna, 2024)."},{"key":"9334_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i05","volume":"100","author":"P B\u00fcrkner","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner, P. Bayesian item response modeling in R with brms and Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 100, 1\u201354 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"9334_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neal, R. MCMC using Hamiltonian dynamics. In Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (eds Brooks, S., Gelman, A., Jones, G. L. & Meng, X.-L.) 116\u201362 (Chapman & Hall\/CRC Press, 2011).","DOI":"10.1201\/b10905-6"},{"key":"9334_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1214\/20-BA1221","volume":"16","author":"A Vehtari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vehtari, A., Gelman, A., Simpson, D., Carpenter, B. & B\u00fcrkner, P.-C. Rank-normalization, folding, and localization: an improved R\u02c6 for assessing convergence of MCMC (with discussion). Bayesian Anal. 16, 667\u2013718 (2021).","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal."},{"key":"9334_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-013-9416-2","volume":"24","author":"A Gelman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gelman, A., Hwang, J. & Vehtari, A. Understanding predictive information criteria for Bayesian models. Stat. Comput. 24, 997\u20131016 (2014).","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"9334_CR93","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"A Vehtari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vehtari, A., Simpson, D., Gelman, A., Yao, Y. & Gabry, J. Pareto smoothed importance sampling. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 25, 1\u201358 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"9334_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-016-9696-4","volume":"27","author":"A Vehtari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vehtari, A., Gelman, A. & Gabry, J. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Stat. Comput. 27, 1413\u20131432 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"9334_CR95","unstructured":"Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: a Practical Information-Theoretical Approach (Springer, 2002)."},{"key":"9334_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12378","volume":"182","author":"J Gabry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabry, J., Simpson, D., Vehtari, A., Betancourt, M. & Gelman, A. Visualization in Bayesian workflow. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 182, 389\u2013402 (2019).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. A"},{"key":"9334_CR97","unstructured":"Lenth, R. emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version 1.10.4 https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans (2024)."},{"key":"9334_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R. et al. Breeding males, but not females, of Fukomys mole-rats use stronger bites to defend reproductive monopoly. [Data set]. Figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.29423288 (2025).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.29423288"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09334-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09334-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09334-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:02:46Z","timestamp":1768406566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-09334-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-09334-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}