{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:44:45Z","timestamp":1793285085433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515011690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515011690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09563-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T11:45:34Z","timestamp":1769255134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential GABA dynamics across brain functional networks in autism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester","family":"Velthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihail","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca M.","family":"Ponteduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0050-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichol M. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte M.","family":"Pretzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6664-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Declan G. M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4466-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e1inne M.","family":"McAlonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9563_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"C Lord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lord, C. et al. Autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 6, 1\u201323 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"9563_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x","volume":"2","author":"J Rubenstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rubenstein, J. & Merzenich, M. M. Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation\/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes, Brain Behav. 2, 255\u2013267 (2003).","journal-title":"Genes, Brain Behav."},{"key":"9563_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.040","volume":"147","author":"O Pe\u00f1agarikano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1agarikano, O. et al. Absence of CNTNAP2 leads to epilepsy, neuronal migration abnormalities, and core autism-related deficits. Cell 147, 235\u2013246 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9563_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04358-6","volume":"602","author":"B Paulsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paulsen, B. et al. Autism genes converge on asynchronous development of shared neuron classes. Nature 602, 268\u2013273 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9563_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0646-7","volume":"39","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fatemi, S. H., Reutiman, T. J., Folsom, T. D. & Thuras, P. D. GABA A receptor downregulation in brains of subjects with autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 39, 223 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"9563_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06858.x","volume":"114","author":"AL Oblak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oblak, A. L., Gibbs, T. T. & Blatt, G. J. Decreased GABAB receptors in the cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus in autism. J. Neurochem. 114, 1414\u20131423 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"9563_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.068","volume":"86","author":"W Gaetz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaetz, W. et al. GABA estimation in the brains of children on the autism spectrum: measurement precision and regional cortical variation. Neuroimage 86, 1\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"9563_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.019","volume":"26","author":"CE Robertson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robertson, C. E., Ratai, E.-M. & Kanwisher, N. Reduced GABAergic action in the autistic brain. Curr. Biol. 26, 80\u201385 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"9563_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001021","volume":"7","author":"J Krystal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krystal, J. et al. Glutamate and GABA systems as targets for novel antidepressant and mood-stabilizing treatments. Mol. Psychiatry 7, S71\u2013S80 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040","volume":"62","author":"H M\u00f6hler","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00f6hler, H. The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacology 62, 42\u201353 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"9563_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13940","volume":"65","author":"TP Whelan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whelan, T. P. et al. Editorial Perspective: Bridging the translational neuroscience gap in autism\u2014development of the \u2018shiftability\u2019 paradigm. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 65, 862\u2013865 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR12","volume":"14","author":"Q Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, Q. et al. GABAB receptor modulation of visual sensory processing in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabg7859 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"9563_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q. et al. Retinal GABAergic alterations in adults with autism spectrum disorder. J. Neurosci. 44, e1218232024 (2024).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1218-23.2024"},{"key":"9563_CR14","volume":"13","author":"Q Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Q. et al. Exploratory evidence for differences in GABAergic regulation of auditory processing in autism spectrum disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 13, 320 (2023).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","volume":"392","author":"C Lord","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G. & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. Autism spectrum disorder.  Lancet 392, 508\u2013520 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9563_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. American Psychiatric Association, A. P. Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 Vol. 5 (American psychiatric association, 2013)","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"9563_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000225","volume":"146","author":"P Desaunay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desaunay, P. et al. Memory in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Psychol. Bull. 146, 377 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"9563_CR18","first-page":"759","volume":"2","author":"M Dawson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dawson, M., Mottron, L. & Gernsbacher, M. A. Learning in autism. Learn. Mem.: A Compr. Ref. 2, 759\u2013772 (2008).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem.: A Compr. Ref."},{"key":"9563_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","volume":"6","author":"M-C Lai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai, M.-C. et al. Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Lancet Psychiatry 6, 819\u2013829 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.012","volume":"77","author":"MG Kitzbichler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kitzbichler, M. G. et al. Altered development and multifaceted band-specific abnormalities of resting state networks in autism. Biol. psychiatry 77, 794\u2013804 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.062","volume":"162","author":"R Gutierrez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gutierrez, R. et al. Altered synchrony and connectivity in neuronal networks expressing an autism-related mutation of neuroligin 3. Neuroscience 162, 208\u2013221 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9563_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9228","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3340-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"MK Belmonte","year":"2004","unstructured":"Belmonte, M. K. et al. Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. J. Neurosci. 24, 9228\u20139231 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat9223","volume":"11","author":"\u0160 Holiga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holiga, \u0160 et al. Patients with autism spectrum disorders display reproducible functional connectivity alterations. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaat9223 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"9563_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.007","volume":"77","author":"JE Lisman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lisman, J. E. & Jensen, O. The theta-gamma neural code. Neuron 77, 1002\u20131016 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9563_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115","volume":"313","author":"RT Canolty","year":"2006","unstructured":"Canolty, R. T. et al. High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex. Science 313, 1626\u20131628 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9563_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001","volume":"14","author":"RT Canolty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canolty, R. T. & Knight, R. T. The functional role of cross-frequency coupling. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 506\u2013515 (2010).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"9563_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.09.001","volume":"38","author":"A Hyafil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyafil, A., Giraud, A.-L., Fontolan, L. & Gutkin, B. Neural cross-frequency coupling: connecting architectures, mechanisms, and functions. Trends Neurosci. 38, 725\u2013740 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102591","volume":"9","author":"AC Onslow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onslow, A. C., Jones, M. W. & Bogacz, R. A canonical circuit for generating phase-amplitude coupling. PLoS ONE 9, e102591 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9563_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036472","volume":"7","author":"X Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Kendrick, K. M., Zhou, H., Zhan, Y. & Feng, J. A computational study on altered theta-gamma coupling during learning and phase coding. PLoS ONE 7, e36472 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9563_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8128","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100124097","volume":"97","author":"JA White","year":"2000","unstructured":"White, J. A., Banks, M. I., Pearce, R. A. & Kopell, N. J. Networks of interneurons with fast and slow \u03b3-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) kinetics provide substrate for mixed gamma-theta rhythm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, 8128\u20138133 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"9563_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0242","volume":"5","author":"JI Berman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berman, J. I. et al. Alpha-to-gamma phase-amplitude coupling methods and application to autism spectrum disorder. Brain Connectivity 5, 80\u201390 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"key":"9563_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2018.0653","volume":"9","author":"RG Port","year":"2019","unstructured":"Port, R. G. et al. Children with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate regionally specific altered resting-state phase\u2013amplitude coupling. Brain Connectivity 9, 425\u2013436 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"key":"9563_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, B. T. et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 1125\u20131165 (2011).","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"},{"key":"9563_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II) (Pearson, 2011).","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"9563_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacks, D. D. et al. Longitudinal associations between resting-state, interregional theta-beta phase-amplitude coupling, psychological distress, and wellbeing in 12\u201315-year-old adolescents. Cereb. Cortex 33, 8066\u20138074 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad099"},{"key":"9563_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaieb, L. et al. Theta-gamma phase-phase coupling during working memory maintenance in the human hippocampus. Cogn. Neurosci. 6, 149\u2013157 (2015).","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2015.1058254"},{"key":"9563_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabot, L. et al. The strength of alpha\u2013beta oscillatory coupling predicts motor timing precision. J. Neurosci. 39, 3277\u20133291 (2019).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2473-18.2018"},{"key":"9563_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Port, R. G. et al., Children with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate regionally specific altered resting-state phase\u2013amplitude coupling. Brain Connect. 9, 425\u2013436 (2019).","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2018.0653"},{"key":"9563_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.06.002","volume":"89","author":"CK Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young, C. K. & Eggermont, J. J. Coupling of mesoscopic brain oscillations: recent advances in analytical and theoretical perspectives. Prog. Neurobiol. 89, 61\u201378 (2009).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"9563_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.05.003","volume":"11","author":"O Jensen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jensen, O. & Colgin, L. L. Cross-frequency coupling between neuronal oscillations. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 267\u2013269 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"9563_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.016","volume":"83","author":"NJ Kopell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kopell, N. J., Gritton, H. J., Whittington, M. A. & Kramer, M. A. Beyond the connectome: the dynome. Neuron 83, 1319\u20131328 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9563_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9817","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5990-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"S-S Poil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poil, S.-S., Hardstone, R., Mansvelder, H. D. & Linkenkaer-Hansen, K. Critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge from balanced excitation\/inhibition in neuronal networks. J. Neurosci. 32, 9817\u20139823 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745","volume":"304","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buzsaki, G. & Draguhn, A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304, 1926\u20131929 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9563_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601335","volume":"2","author":"JF Mejias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mejias, J. F., Murray, J. D., Kennedy, H. & Wang, X.-J. Feedforward and feedback frequency-dependent interactions in a large-scale laminar network of the primate cortex. Sci. Adv. 2, e1601335 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"9563_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.016","volume":"47","author":"A Hasenstaub","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hasenstaub, A. et al. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials carry synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks. Neuron 47, 423\u2013435 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9563_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813176106","volume":"106","author":"P Wulff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wulff, P. et al. Hippocampal theta rhythm and its coupling with gamma oscillations require fast inhibition onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 3561\u20133566 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"9563_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705708104","volume":"104","author":"AB Tort","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tort, A. B., Rotstein, H. G., Dugladze, T., Gloveli, T. & Kopell, N. J. On the formation of gamma-coherent cell assemblies by oriens lacunosum-moleculare interneurons in the hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 13490\u201313495 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"9563_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, E. J. & Voytek, B. Balanced oscillatory coupling improves information flow. BioRxiv 030304 (2015).","DOI":"10.1101\/030304"},{"key":"9563_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0426-0","volume":"24","author":"VS Sohal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sohal, V. S. & Rubenstein, J. L. Excitation-inhibition balance as a framework for investigating mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 24, 1248\u20131257 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3","volume":"25","author":"JY Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen, J. Y. et al. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1569\u20131581 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00078","volume":"11","author":"K Zilles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zilles, K. & Palomero-Gallagher, N. Multiple transmitter receptors in regions and layers of the human cerebral cortex. Front. Neuroanat. 11, 78 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"9563_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1691","volume":"10","author":"NA Puts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puts, N. A. et al. Reduced GABA and altered somatosensory function in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 10, 608\u2013619 (2017).","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"9563_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.88","volume":"2","author":"A Oblak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oblak, A., Gibbs, T. & Blatt, G. Decreased GABAA receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites in the anterior cingulate cortex in autism. Autism Res. 2, 205\u2013219 (2009).","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"9563_CR54","unstructured":"Horder, J. et al. GABAA receptor availability is not altered in adults with autism spectrum disorder or in mouse models. Sci. Translational Med. 10 (2018)."},{"key":"9563_CR55","unstructured":"Marshall, F.H. in Inhibitory Regulation of Excitatory Neurotransmission. (ed. Darlison, M.G.) 87\u201398 (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008)."},{"key":"9563_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00135","volume":"9","author":"S Kantamneni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kantamneni, S. Cross-talk and regulation between glutamate and GABAB receptors. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 9, 135 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4989-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"WM Connelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Connelly, W. M. et al. GABAB receptors regulate extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. J. Neurosci. 33, 3780\u20133785 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.10.027","volume":"112","author":"B Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, B. et al. CB1R dysfunction of inhibitory synapses in the ACC drives chronic social isolation stress-induced social impairments in male mice. Neuron 112, 441\u2013457. e446 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9563_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.1","volume":"1","author":"DJ Felleman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Felleman, D. J. & Van Essen, D. C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex) 1, 1\u201347 (1991).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex)"},{"key":"9563_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0598-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Q. et al. Dysfunction of cortical GABAergic neurons leads to sensory hyper-reactivity in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 520\u2013532 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.112","volume":"18","author":"CE Robertson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robertson, C. E. & Baron-Cohen, S. Sensory perception in autism. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 671\u2013684 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001","volume":"37","author":"M Catani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Catani, M., Dell\u2019Acqua, F. & De Schotten, M. T. A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1724\u20131737 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"9563_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06211.x","volume":"69","author":"G Dawson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J. & Rinaldi, J. Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Dev. 69, 1276\u20131285 (1998).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"9563_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90025-6","volume":"32","author":"J Bachevalier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bachevalier, J. Medial temporal lobe structures and autism: a review of clinical and experimental findings. Neuropsychologia 32, 627\u2013648 (1994).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"9563_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04738-3","volume":"51","author":"K Stephens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stephens, K. et al. Associations between limbic system white matter structure and socio-emotional functioning in children with ADHD+ ASD. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 51, 2663\u20132672 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"9563_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.12.1994","volume":"157","author":"MM Haznedar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haznedar, M. M. et al. Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders studied with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1994\u20132001 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Froestl, W. Chemistry and pharmacology of GABAB receptor ligands[M]. in Advances in Pharmacology (eds Blackburn, T. P. & Enna, S. J.) 58, 19\u201362 (Academic Press, 2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(10)58002-5"},{"key":"9563_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1963-z","volume":"44","author":"CA Erickson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erickson, C. A. et al. STX209 (arbaclofen) for autism spectrum disorders: an 8-week open-label study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 44, 958\u2013964 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"9563_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.66","volume":"40","author":"JL Silverman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silverman, J. L. et al. GABA B receptor agonist R-baclofen reverses social deficits and reduces repetitive behavior in Two mouse models of autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 40, 2228\u20132239 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"9563_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11356","volume":"489","author":"S Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han, S. et al. Autistic-like behaviour in Scn1a+\/\u2212 mice and rescue by enhanced GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Nature 489, 385\u2013390 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9563_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.69","volume":"2","author":"M Gandal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gandal, M. et al. GABAB-mediated rescue of altered excitatory\u2013inhibitory balance, gamma synchrony and behavioral deficits following constitutive NMDAR-hypofunction. Transl. Psychiatry 2, e142\u2013e142 (2012).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.237","volume":"42","author":"J Veenstra-VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. et al. Arbaclofen in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 42, 1390\u20131398 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"9563_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.3\/pchaste","volume":"14","author":"P Chaste","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaste, P. & Leboyer, M. Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 14, 281\u2013292 (2012).","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0748-y","volume":"25","author":"L Mottron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mottron, L. & Bzdok, D. Autism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact?. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 3178\u20133185 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9563_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","volume":"24","author":"C Lord","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M. & Le Couteur, A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24, 659\u2013685 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"9563_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","volume":"30","author":"C Lord","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lord, C. et al. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2014Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 30, 205\u2013223 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"9563_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo2030596","volume":"2","author":"R Sanchez-Ponce","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ponce, R. et al. Metabolic and pharmacokinetic differentiation of STX209 and racemic baclofen in humans. Metabolites 2, 596\u2013613 (2012).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"9563_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","volume":"10","author":"HH Jasper","year":"1958","unstructured":"Jasper, H. H. The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 370\u2013375 (1958).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"9563_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0397-3","volume":"38","author":"W Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, W. et al. An electroencephalographic signature predicts antidepressant response in major depression. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 439\u2013447 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"9563_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"9563_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00143-8","volume":"1","author":"L Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. Spatial\u2013rhythmic network as a biomarker of familial risk for psychotic bipolar disorder. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 887\u2013899 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Ment. Health"},{"key":"9563_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716","volume":"2011","author":"F Tadel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tadel, F., Baillet, S., Mosher, J. C., Pantazis, D. & Leahy, R. M. Brainstorm: a user-friendly application for MEG\/EEG analysis. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, 879716 (2011).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"9563_CR83","first-page":"5","volume":"24","author":"RD Pascual-Marqui","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui, R. D. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharm. 24, 5\u201312 (2002).","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"9563_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.044","volume":"118","author":"H Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Bahramisharif, A., van Gerven, M. A. & Jensen, O. Measuring directionality between neuronal oscillations of different frequencies. Neuroimage 118, 359\u2013367 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-09563-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-09563-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-09563-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T01:08:14Z","timestamp":1771549694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-09563-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-09563-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors acknowledge that this investigator-initiated study was part-funded by Clinical Research Associates, a subsidiary of the Simons Foundation. This included the donation of arbaclofen. The funders did not influence the study design, its conduct or decision to publish outcomes. No other competing interests are declared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"283"}}