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Its causative agent,\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , forms cysts in skeletal muscle, contributing to parasite persistence and transmission. Cases of myositis have been reported in\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected immunocompetent individuals, and impaired myogenesis has been demonstrated in mice. Herein we investigated the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection on glycolytic tibialis anterior (TA) and oxidative soleus (SOL) muscles in mice, and whether prior physical exercise could prevent infection-induced myopathology. Functional, metabolic, histological, inflammatory and microvascular parameters were analyzed 10 and 40 days post infection (dpi).\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    caused greater disruption to TA than to SOL, with increased atrophy and pathology. Expression of muscle atrophy-related genes (Atrogenes), including MURF1 and Atrogin-1, was strongly induced at 10 and normalized by 40 dpi. A fiber-type shift was observed in SOL at 40 dpi. Infected sedentary mice showed reduced grip strength and VO\u2082, while these effects were prevented by exercise. Exercised-infected mice had lower expression of Murf1, IL-6ra, STAT3, and pro\/anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios compared to sedentary-infected controls. Exercise also preserved muscle and brain microvascular flow and prevented leukocyte-endothelium interactions. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    differentially affects glycolytic and oxidative muscles; exercise protects muscle and brain against parasite-related damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09810-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:52:20Z","timestamp":1773121940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical exercise protects against Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced muscle atrophy and microvascular rarefaction"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5858-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma de Carvalho","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3102-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Epif\u00e2nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2800-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Iwao","family":"Horita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine Lino","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Daliry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Leal","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gomes da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2287-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Machado","family":"Cascabulho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana G.","family":"Chauvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mychael V.","family":"Lourenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene Santos","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Adesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9810_CR1","first-page":"898","volume":"36","author":"A Molan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molan, A., Nosaka, K., Hunter, M. & Wang, W. 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