{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:53:14Z","timestamp":1794109994141,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/I\/20\/2\/505191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/20\/2\/505191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC-12044(11)\/6\/2021-ICD-DBT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-12044(11)\/6\/2021-ICD-DBT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"DST | Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RJF\/2019\/000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RJF\/2019\/000040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"DST | Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2021\/003472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2021\/003472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10025-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:32:45Z","timestamp":1776335565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lipid homeostasis plays a critical role in inherited and acquired retinal diseases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5334-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwesha","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3327-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101037","volume":"89","author":"D Lewandowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lewandowski, D. et al. Dynamic lipid turnover in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium throughout life. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 89, 101037 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.2174\/156652410793937813","volume":"10","author":"JR Sparrow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sparrow, J. R., Hicks, D. & Hamel, C. P. The retinal pigment epithelium in health and disease. Curr. Mol. Med. 10, 802\u2013823 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16330","volume":"290","author":"F O\u2019Leary","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, F. & Campbell, M. The blood-retina barrier in health and disease. FEBS J. 290, 878\u2013891 (2023).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.013","volume":"90","author":"AA Hussain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hussain, A. A., Starita, C., Hodgetts, A. & Marshall, J. Macromolecular diffusion characteristics of ageing human Bruch\u2019s membrane: implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp. Eye Res. 90, 703\u2013710 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tisi, A., Feligioni, M., Passacantando, M., Ciancaglini, M., and Maccarone, R. The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Blood-Retinal Barrier Physiology in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10010064 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010064"},{"key":"10025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104219","volume":"22","author":"K Shin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shin, K., Fogg, V. C. & Margolis, B. Tight junctions and cell polarity. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 207\u2013235 (2006).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100878","volume":"80","author":"TT Hormel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hormel, T. T. et al. Plexus-specific retinal vascular anatomy and pathologies as seen by projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 80, 100878 (2021).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00239-1","volume":"8","author":"S Nian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nian, S., Lo, A. C. Y., Mi, Y., Ren, K. & Yang, D. Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. Eye Vis. 8, 15 (2021).","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001","volume":"34","author":"I Klaassen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klaassen, I., Van Noorden, C. J. & Schlingemann, R. O. Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. Prog. Retin Eye Res 34, 19\u201348 (2013).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22610","volume":"100","author":"R Toda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toda, R., Kawazu, K., Oyabu, M., Miyazaki, T. & Kiuchi, Y. Comparison of drug permeabilities across the blood-retinal barrier, blood-aqueous humor barrier, and blood-brain barrier. J. Pharm. Sci. 100, 3904\u20133911 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/190724","volume":"2010","author":"R Simo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simo, R., Villarroel, M., Corraliza, L., Hernandez, C. & Garcia-Ramirez, M. The retinal pigment epithelium: something more than a constituent of the blood-retinal barrier-implications for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 190724 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10025_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R010538","volume":"51","author":"SJ Fliesler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fliesler, S. J. & Bretillon, L. The ins and outs of cholesterol in the vertebrate retina. J. Lipid Res 51, 3399\u20133413 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"key":"10025_CR13","first-page":"700","volume":"15","author":"RW Young","year":"1976","unstructured":"Young, R. W. Visual cells and the concept of renewal. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 15, 700\u2013725 (1976).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(83)90004-8","volume":"22","author":"SJ Fliesler","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fliesler, S. J. & Anderson, R. E. Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Lipid Res. 22, 79\u2013131 (1983).","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00845-0","volume":"19","author":"A Zadoorian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zadoorian, A., Du, X. & Yang, H. Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 19, 443\u2013459 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2020.1789921","volume":"80","author":"M Tomic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomic, M., Vrabec, R., Vidas Pauk, S., Bulum, T. & Ljubic, S. Systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia are associated with retinopathy in type 2 but not in type 1 diabetes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Investig. 80, 484\u2013490 (2020).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab Investig."},{"key":"10025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.116512","volume":"22","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Association between disorders of lipid metabolism and oculopathy: an overview. Int J. Med. Sci. 22, 3878\u20133894 (2025).","journal-title":"Int J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0069","volume":"45","author":"TY Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong, T. Y. et al. Associations between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 2949\u20132954 (2004).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J. Y., Kim, W. K., Bae, K. H., Lee, S. C., and Lee, E. W. Lipid metabolism and ferroptosis. Biology 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10030184 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030184"},{"key":"10025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00366","volume":"4","author":"YF Njie-Mbye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Njie-Mbye, Y. F., Kulkarni-Chitnis, M., Opere, C. A., Barrett, A. & Ohia, S. E. Lipid peroxidation: pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye. Front Physiol. 4, 366 (2013).","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"10025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503460102","volume":"102","author":"G Moiseyev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moiseyev, G., Chen, Y., Takahashi, Y., Wu, B. X. & Ma, J. X. RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 12413\u201312418 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4003769","volume":"114","author":"OP Ernst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ernst, O. P. et al. Microbial and animal rhodopsins: structures, functions, and molecular mechanisms. Chem. Rev. 114, 126\u2013163 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608022103","volume":"103","author":"D Salom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salom, D. et al. Crystal structure of a photoactivated deprotonated intermediate of rhodopsin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16123\u201316128 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1927","volume":"3","author":"F Quazi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quazi, F., Lenevich, S. & Molday, R. S. ABCA4 is an N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine importer. Nat. Commun. 3, 925 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200311079","volume":"164","author":"Y Imanishi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Imanishi, Y., Batten, M. L., Piston, D. W., Baehr, W. & Palczewski, K. Noninvasive two-photon imaging reveals retinyl ester storage structures in the eye. J. Cell Biol. 164, 373\u2013383 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17248","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.195198","volume":"286","author":"T Orban","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orban, T., Palczewska, G. & Palczewski, K. Retinyl ester storage particles (retinosomes) from the retinal pigmented epithelium resemble lipid droplets in other tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 17248\u201317258 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10025_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.042","volume":"122","author":"M Jin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jin, M., Li, S., Moghrabi, W. N., Sun, H. & Travis, G. H. Rpe65 is the retinoid isomerase in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Cell 122, 449\u2013459 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10025_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11740","volume":"55","author":"A Muniz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muniz, A. et al. Retinoid uptake, processing, and secretion in human iPS-RPE support the visual cycle. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 198\u2013209 (2014).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105225","volume":"47","author":"GH Travis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Travis, G. H., Golczak, M., Moise, A. R. & Palczewski, K. Diseases caused by defects in the visual cycle: retinoids as potential therapeutic agents. Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol. 47, 469\u2013512 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"10025_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-111815-114407","volume":"2","author":"PD Kiser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiser, P. D. & Palczewski, K. Retinoids and retinal diseases. Annu Rev. Vis. Sci. 2, 197\u2013234 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201505067","volume":"211","author":"V Choudhary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choudhary, V., Ojha, N., Golden, A. & Prinz, W. A. A conserved family of proteins facilitates nascent lipid droplet budding from the ER. J. Cell Biol. 211, 261\u2013271 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.05.003","volume":"50","author":"A Chorlay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chorlay, A. et al. Membrane asymmetry imposes directionality on lipid droplet emergence from the ER. Dev. Cell 50, 25\u201342 e27 (2019).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"10025_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0085-z","volume":"20","author":"JA Olzmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olzmann, J. A. & Carvalho, P. Dynamics and functions of lipid droplets. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 137\u2013155 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2023.151362","volume":"102","author":"RM Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari, R. M., Khatri, A., Chaudhary, R. & Choudhary, V. Concept of lipid droplet biogenesis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 102, 151362 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choudhary, V., El Atab, O., Mizzon, G., Prinz, W. A., and Schneiter, R. Seipin and Nem1 establish discrete ER subdomains to initiate yeast lipid droplet biogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201910177 (2020).","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201910177"},{"key":"10025_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695170","volume":"35","author":"VT Salo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salo, V. T. et al. Seipin regulates ER-lipid droplet contacts and cargo delivery. EMBO J. 35, 2699\u20132716 (2016).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10025_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/ng585","volume":"28","author":"J Magre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magre, J. et al. Identification of the gene altered in Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy on chromosome 11q13. Nat. Genet. 28, 365\u2013370 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2021.06.003","volume":"31","author":"MJ Rao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rao, M. J. & Goodman, J. M. Seipin: harvesting fat and keeping adipocytes healthy. Trends Cell Biol. 31, 912\u2013992 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatri, A., Chaudhary, R., Kumari, R. M. & Choudhary, V. The luminal domain region of Seipin\/Fld1 is dispensable for establishing functional ER sites for lipid droplet biogenesis. Nat. Commun. 16, 10642 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65645-8"},{"key":"10025_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Renne, M. F., Corey, R. A., Ferreira, J. V., Stansfeld, P. J., and Carvalho, P. Seipin concentrates distinct neutral lipids via interactions with their acyl chain carboxyl esters. J. Cell Biol. 221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.202112068 (2022).","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202112068"},{"key":"10025_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36375-6","volume":"14","author":"C Dumesnil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dumesnil, C. et al. Cholesterol esters form supercooled lipid droplets whose nucleation is facilitated by triacylglycerols. Nat. Commun. 14, 915 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10025_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.826248","volume":"9","author":"CM Fader Kaiser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fader Kaiser, C. M. et al. Biogenesis and breakdown of lipid droplets in pathological conditions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 826248 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2015.02.017","volume":"1851","author":"U Taschler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taschler, U. et al. Adipose triglyceride lipase is involved in the mobilization of triglyceride and retinoid stores of hepatic stellate cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1851, 937\u2013945 (2015).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10025_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112091","volume":"42","author":"M Hara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hara, M. et al. PNPLA2 mobilizes retinyl esters from retinosomes and promotes the generation of 11-cis-retinal in the visual cycle. Cell Rep. 42, 112091 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R084020","volume":"59","author":"GS Getz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Getz, G. S. Lipid transfer proteins: introduction to the thematic review series. J. Lipid Res. 59, 745\u2013748 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100803","volume":"76","author":"MA Fields","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fields, M. A., Del Priore, L. V., Adelman, R. A. & Rizzolo, L. J. Interactions of the choroid, Bruch\u2019s membrane, retinal pigment epithelium, and neurosensory retina collaborate to form the outer blood-retinal-barrier. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 76, 100803 (2020).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0074","volume":"45","author":"N Gordiyenko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gordiyenko, N. et al. RPE cells internalize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in large quantities in vitro and in vivo. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 2822\u20132829 (2004).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0870","volume":"49","author":"W Hu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hu, W. et al. Expression of VLDLR in the retina and evolution of subretinal neovascularization in the knockout mouse model\u2019s retinal angiomatous proliferation. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 407\u2013415 (2008).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.144006","volume":"93","author":"KG Duncan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duncan, K. G. et al. Expression of reverse cholesterol transport proteins ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 93, 1116\u20131120 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0266-x","volume":"245","author":"N Kociok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kociok, N. & Joussen, A. M. Varied expression of functionally important genes of RPE and choroid in the macula and in the periphery of normal human eyes. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 245, 101\u2013113 (2007).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3311","volume":"47","author":"A Guemez-Gamboa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guemez-Gamboa, A. et al. Inactivating mutations in MFSD2A, required for omega-3 fatty acid transport in brain, cause a lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat. Genet. 47, 809\u2013813 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.721340","volume":"291","author":"BH Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong, B. H. et al. Mfsd2a Is a Transporter for the Essential omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Eye and Is Important for Photoreceptor Cell Development. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 10501\u201310514 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10025_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1167\/IOVS.07-0227","volume":"49","author":"U Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt-Erfurth, U. et al. Ultrastructural changes in a murine model of graded Bruch membrane lipoidal degeneration and corresponding VEGF164 detection. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 390\u2013398 (2008).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1142-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"ES Lobanova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lobanova, E. S. et al. Disrupted blood-retina lysophosphatidylcholine transport impairs photoreceptor health but not visual signal transduction. J. Neurosci. 39, 9689\u20139701 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.01.010","volume":"1842","author":"S Ananth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ananth, S. et al. Regulation of the cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in retina in hemochromatosis and by the endogenous siderophore 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1842, 603\u2013612 (2014).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10025_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205","volume":"11","author":"W Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon, W. & Freeman, S. A. Phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium: recognition, resolution, recycling. Front. Immunol. 11, 604205 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10025_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storti, F., et al. Impaired ABCA1\/ABCG1-mediated lipid efflux in the mouse retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leads to retinal degeneration. Elife 8 (2019).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45100"},{"key":"10025_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902359R","volume":"34","author":"MI Kautzmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kautzmann, M. I. et al. Membrane-type frizzled-related protein regulates lipidome and transcription for photoreceptor function. FASEB J. 34, 912\u2013929 (2020).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10025_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7228","volume":"6","author":"DS Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice, D. S. et al. Adiponectin receptor 1 conserves docosahexaenoic acid and promotes photoreceptor cell survival. Nat. Commun. 6, 6228 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10025_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2277","volume":"17","author":"WL Holland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holland, W. L. et al. Receptor-mediated activation of ceramidase activity initiates the pleiotropic actions of adiponectin. Nat. Med. 17, 55\u201363 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03741-5","volume":"12","author":"H Osada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osada, H. et al. ADIPOR1 deficiency-induced suppression of retinal ELOVL2 and docosahexaenoic acid levels during photoreceptor degeneration and visual loss. Cell Death Dis. 12, 458 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10025_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32579-9","volume":"8","author":"VM Sluch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sluch, V. M. et al. ADIPOR1 is essential for vision and its RPE expression is lost in the Mfrp(rd6) mouse. Sci. Rep. 8, 14339 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107291","volume":"300","author":"D Lewandowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lewandowski, D. et al. Restoring retinal polyunsaturated fatty acid balance and retina function by targeting ceramide in AdipoR1-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 300, 107291 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10025_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13100","volume":"19","author":"D Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. The lipid elongation enzyme ELOVL2 is a molecular regulator of aging in the retina. Aging Cell 19, e13100 (2020).","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10025_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads5769","volume":"17","author":"F Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao, F. et al. Retinal polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reverses aging-related vision decline in mice. Sci. Transl. Med 17, eads5769 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10025_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2425523122","volume":"122","author":"A Tworak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tworak, A. et al. MFRP is a molecular hub that organizes the apical membrane of RPE cells by engaging in interactions with specific proteins and lipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2425523122 (2025).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10025_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(01)00020-0","volume":"41","author":"H Ohvo-Rekila","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ohvo-Rekila, H., Ramstedt, B., Leppimaki, P. & Slotte, J. P. Cholesterol interactions with phospholipids in membranes. Prog. Lipid Res. 41, 66\u201397 (2002).","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105635","volume":"171","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Ye, S., Tang, Y., Tong, W. & Sun, S. Brain cholesterol homeostasis and its association with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem. Int. 171, 105635 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10025_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3018-7","volume":"60","author":"FW Pfrieger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfrieger, F. W. Cholesterol homeostasis and function in neurons of the central nervous system. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1158\u20131171 (2003).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000120374.59826.1b","volume":"24","author":"I Bjorkhem","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bjorkhem, I. & Meaney, S. Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 806\u2013815 (2004).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01273-4","volume":"56","author":"KC Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin, K. C., Ali Moussa, H. Y. & Park, Y. Cholesterol imbalance and neurotransmission defects in neurodegeneration. Exp. Mol. Med. 56, 1685\u20131690 (2024).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb04224.x","volume":"21","author":"AK Dhar","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dhar, A. K., Teng, J. I. & Smith, L. L. Biosynthesis of cholest-5-ene-3beta, 24-diol (cerebrosterol) by bovine cerebral cortical microsomes. J. Neurochem. 21, 51\u201360 (1973).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10025_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-014-0131-3","volume":"6","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Liu, Q. Cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the brain. Protein Cell 6, 254\u2013264 (2015).","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"10025_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33886","volume":"6","author":"M Ishikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishikawa, M., Yoshitomi, T., Zorumski, C. F. & Izumi, Y. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol protects the ex vivo rat retina from injury by elevated hydrostatic pressure. Sci. Rep. 6, 33886 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15228","volume":"157","author":"AO Sodero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sodero, A. O. 24S-hydroxycholesterol: Cellular effects and variations in brain diseases. J. Neurochem. 157, 899\u2013918 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10025_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.09.002","volume":"64","author":"V Mutemberezi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mutemberezi, V., Guillemot-Legris, O. & Muccioli, G. G. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog. Lipid Res. 64, 152\u2013169 (2016).","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.TR120000979","volume":"62","author":"S Ramachandra Rao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramachandra Rao, S. & Fliesler, S. J. Cholesterol homeostasis in the vertebrate retina: biology and pathobiology. J. Lipid Res. 62, 100057 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.08.010","volume":"87","author":"L Bretillon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bretillon, L. et al. Lipid and fatty acid profile of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium\/choroid, and the lacrimal gland, and associations with adipose tissue fatty acids in human subjects. Exp. Eye Res 87, 521\u2013528 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res"},{"key":"10025_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.03.002","volume":"41","author":"IA Pikuleva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pikuleva, I. A. & Curcio, C. A. Cholesterol in the retina: the best is yet to come. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 41, 64\u201389 (2014).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.006","volume":"67","author":"EM van Leeuwen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, E. M. et al. A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 67, 56\u201386 (2018).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80736-E","volume":"335","author":"SJ Fliesler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fliesler, S. J., Florman, R., Rapp, L. M., Pittler, S. J. & Keller, R. K. In vivo biosynthesis of cholesterol in the rat retina. FEBS Lett. 335, 234\u2013238 (1993).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10025_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1715","volume":"210","author":"SJ Fliesler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fliesler, S. J. & Keller, R. K. Metabolism of [3H]farnesol to cholesterol and cholesterogenic intermediates in the living rat eye. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210, 695\u2013702 (1995).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10025_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M064469","volume":"57","author":"JB Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, J. B. et al. Cholesterol in mouse retina originates primarily from in situ de novo biosynthesis. J. Lipid Res. 57, 258\u2013264 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR84","first-page":"1306","volume":"12","author":"N Tserentsoodol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tserentsoodol, N. et al. Uptake of cholesterol by the retina occurs primarily via a low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated process. Mol. Vis. 12, 1306\u20131318 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR85","first-page":"1319","volume":"12","author":"N Tserentsoodol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tserentsoodol, N. et al. Intraretinal lipid transport is dependent on high density lipoprotein-like particles and class B scavenger receptors. Mol. Vis. 12, 1319\u20131333 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-2126-2","volume":"66","author":"J Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Cholesterol homeostasis regulated by ABCA1 is critical for retinal ganglion cell survival. Sci. China Life Sci. 66, 211\u2013225 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201910473","volume":"11","author":"Z Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders. EMBO Mol. Med. 11, e10473 (2019).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69076","volume":"123","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Systems pharmacology identifies drug targets for Stargardt disease-associated retinal degeneration. J. Clin. Investig. 123, 5119\u20135134 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10025_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.02.004","volume":"1791","author":"RS Molday","year":"2009","unstructured":"Molday, R. S., Zhong, M. & Quazi, F. The role of the photoreceptor ABC transporter ABCA4 in lipid transport and Stargardt macular degeneration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1791, 573\u2013583 (2009).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10025_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh048","volume":"13","author":"AV Cideciyan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cideciyan, A. V. et al. Mutations in ABCA4 result in accumulation of lipofuscin before slowing of the retinoid cycle: a reappraisal of the human disease sequence. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, 525\u2013534 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.07.022","volume":"134","author":"LT Adler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adler, L. T. et al. The 11-cis Retinal Origins of Lipofuscin in the Retina. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 134, e1\u2013e12 (2015).","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-122b","volume":"17","author":"R Allikmets","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allikmets, R. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 17, 122 (1997).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.03.005","volume":"1821","author":"PD Kiser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kiser, P. D., Golczak, M., Maeda, A. & Palczewski, K. Key enzymes of the retinoid (visual) cycle in vertebrate retina. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1821, 137\u2013151 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10025_CR94","first-page":"2652","volume":"42","author":"AO Edwards","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edwards, A. O., Donoso, L. A. & Ritter, R. 3rd A novel gene for autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy with homology to the SUR4 protein family. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, 2652\u20132663 (2001).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/83817","volume":"27","author":"K Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, K. et al. A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 27, 89\u201393 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0078","volume":"45","author":"A Maugeri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maugeri, A. et al. A novel mutation in the ELOVL4 gene causes autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4263\u20134267 (2004).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13099","volume":"55","author":"MP Agbaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agbaga, M. P. et al. Mutant ELOVL4 that causes autosomal dominant Stargardt-3 macular dystrophy is misrouted to rod outer segment disks. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 3669\u20133680 (2014).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR98","first-page":"657","volume":"11","author":"G Karan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karan, G. et al. Loss of ER retention and sequestration of the wild-type ELOVL4 by Stargardt disease dominant negative mutants. Mol. Vis. 11, 657\u2013664 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00404a024","volume":"27","author":"MI Aveldano","year":"1988","unstructured":"Aveldano, M. I. Phospholipid species containing long and very long polyenoic fatty acids remain with rhodopsin after hexane extraction of photoreceptor membranes. Biochemistry 27, 1229\u20131239 (1988).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10025_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05433-7","volume":"7","author":"B Jun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jun, B. et al. Elovanoids are novel cell-specific lipid mediators necessary for neuroprotective signaling for photoreceptor cell integrity. Sci. Rep. 7, 5279 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.02.007","volume":"69","author":"DI Crane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crane, D. I. Revisiting the neuropathogenesis of Zellweger syndrome. Neurochem. Int. 69, 1\u20138 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10025_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.06.42","volume":"7","author":"HL Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, H. L., Shen, Y., Sun, Y. M. & Zhang, Y. Two novel mutations of PEX6 in one Chinese Zellweger spectrum disorder and their clinical characteristics. Ann. Transl. Med. 7, 368 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.01.019","volume":"427","author":"BM Gardner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gardner, B. M., Chowdhury, S., Lander, G. C. & Martin, A. The Pex1\/Pex6 complex is a heterohexameric AAA+ motor with alternating and highly coordinated subunits. J. Mol. Biol. 427, 1375\u20131388 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10025_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8415-5","volume":"66","author":"CP Grou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grou, C. P. et al. The peroxisomal protein import machinery-a case report of transient ubiquitination with a new flavor. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 66, 254\u2013262 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.252","volume":"17","author":"C Krause","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krause, C., Rosewich, H. & Gartner, J. Rational diagnostic strategy for Zellweger syndrome spectrum patients. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17, 741\u2013748 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.09.019","volume":"98","author":"J Vamecq","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vamecq, J., Cherkaoui-Malki, M., Andreoletti, P. & Latruffe, N. The human peroxisome in health and disease: the story of an oddity becoming a vital organelle. Biochimie 98, 4\u201315 (2014).","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10025_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4020","volume":"51","author":"MT Noguer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noguer, M. T. & Martinez, M. Visual follow-up in peroxisomal-disorder patients treated with docosahexaenoic Acid ethyl ester. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 2277\u20132285 (2010).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312846","volume":"103","author":"AW Winter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winter, A. W., Salimi, A., Ospina, L. H. & Roos, J. C. P. Ophthalmic manifestations of Gaucher disease: the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 103, 315\u2013326 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.10.018","volume":"189","author":"FPS Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, F. P. S. et al. Acid ceramidase deficiency in mice leads to severe ocular pathology and visual impairment. Am. J. Pathol. 189, 320\u2013338 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10025_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10195","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0822-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"K Sandhoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandhoff, K. & Harzer, K. Gangliosides and gangliosidoses: principles of molecular and metabolic pathogenesis. J. Neurosci. 33, 10195\u201310208 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.10","volume":"16","author":"FD Porter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Porter, F. D. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 16, 535\u2013541 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800031-JLR200","volume":"49","author":"K Boesze-Battaglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boesze-Battaglia, K. et al. Alteration of retinal rod outer segment membrane fluidity in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J. Lipid Res. 49, 1488\u20131499 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.904175","volume":"16","author":"A Bhattacharyya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, A. The detrimental effects of progression of retinal degeneration in the visual cortex. Front. Cell Neurosci. 16, 904175 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1422613","volume":"18","author":"K Parnami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parnami, K., Surana, A., Choudhary, V. & Bhattacharyya, A. Deprivation of visual input alters specific subset of inhibitory neurons and affect thalamic afferent terminals in V1 of rd1 mouse. Front. Cell Neurosci. 18, 1422613 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1443","volume":"47","author":"LS Sullivan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sullivan, L. S. et al. Prevalence of disease-causing mutations in families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: a screen of known genes in 200 families. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 3052\u20133064 (2006).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.1.87","volume":"11","author":"CF Chakarova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chakarova, C. F. et al. Mutations in HPRP3, a third member of pre-mRNA splicing factor genes, implicated in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Hum. Mol. Genet 11, 87\u201392 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet"},{"key":"10025_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daiger, S. P., Bowne, S. J., and Sullivan, L. S. Genes and mutations causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a017129 (2014).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017129"},{"key":"10025_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-0878-3","volume":"7","author":"MU Ali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ali, M. U., Rahman, M. S. U., Cao, J. & Yuan, P. X. Genetic characterization and disease mechanism of retinitis pigmentosa; current scenario. 3 Biotech. 7, 251 (2017).","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"10025_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12203","volume":"84","author":"SP Daiger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daiger, S. P., Sullivan, L. S. & Bowne, S. J. Genes and mutations causing retinitis pigmentosa. Clin. Genet. 84, 132\u2013141 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/81555","volume":"26","author":"A Gal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gal, A. et al. Mutations in MERTK, the human orthologue of the RCS rat retinal dystrophy gene, cause retinitis pigmentosa. Nat. Genet. 26, 270\u2013271 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/13816810802626399","volume":"30","author":"X Cai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cai, X., Conley, S. M. & Naash, M. I. RPE65: role in the visual cycle, human retinal disease, and gene therapy. Ophthal. Genet. 30, 57\u201362 (2009).","journal-title":"Ophthal. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31573-X","volume":"10","author":"MN Sani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sani, M. N. et al. Identification of a novel mutation of MTP gene in a patient with abetalipoproteinemia. Ann. Hepatol. 10, 221\u2013226 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10025_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R083451","volume":"59","author":"A Sirwi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sirwi, A. & Hussain, M. M. Lipid transfer proteins in the assembly of apoB-containing lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 59, 1094\u20131102 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21494","volume":"32","author":"V Pons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pons, V. et al. A severe form of abetalipoproteinemia caused by new splicing mutations of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP). Hum. Mutat. 32, 751\u2013759 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10025_CR125","first-page":"991","volume":"91","author":"DG Cogan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cogan, D. G., Rodrigues, M., Chu, F. C. & Schaefer, E. J. Ocular abnormalities in abetalipoproteinemia. A Clinicopathol. Correlation. Ophthalmol. 91, 991\u2013998 (1984).","journal-title":"A Clinicopathol. Correlation. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sajovic, J., et al. The role of vitamin A in retinal diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031014 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031014"},{"key":"10025_CR127","first-page":"351","volume":"8","author":"RE Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson, R. E. et al. Low docosahexaenoic acid levels in rod outer segments of rats with P23H and S334ter rhodopsin mutations. Mol. Vis. 8, 351\u2013358 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR128","first-page":"333","volume":"8","author":"IR Bicknell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bicknell, I. R., Darrow, R., Barsalou, L., Fliesler, S. J. & Organisciak, D. T. Alterations in retinal rod outer segment fatty acids and light-damage susceptibility in P23H rats. Mol. Vis. 8, 333\u2013340 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10025_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)30271-6","volume":"42","author":"DR Hoffman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffman, D. R., DeMar, J. C., Heird, W. C., Birch, D. G. & Anderson, R. E. Impaired synthesis of DHA in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. J. Lipid Res. 42, 1395\u20131401 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR130","first-page":"1009","volume":"36","author":"DR Hoffman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hoffman, D. R. & Birch, D. G. Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36, 1009\u20131018 (1995).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12054","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.790568","volume":"292","author":"H Shindou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shindou, H. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid preserves visual function by maintaining correct disc morphology in retinal photoreceptor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 292, 12054\u201312064 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10025_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.03.030","volume":"1860","author":"S Senapati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Senapati, S. et al. Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on rhodopsin content and packing in photoreceptor cell membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1860, 1403\u20131413 (2018).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"10025_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108667","volume":"209","author":"MJ Ruiz-Pastor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz-Pastor, M. J., Kutsyr, O., Lax, P. & Cuenca, N. Decrease in DHA and other fatty acids correlates with photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa. Exp. Eye Res. 209, 108667 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borsatto, A., Marino, V., Abrusci, G., Lattanzi, G., and Dell\u2019Orco, D. Effects of membrane and biological target on the structural and allosteric properties of recoverin: a computational approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20205009. (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205009"},{"key":"10025_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0283-6","volume":"12","author":"J Ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding, J. & Wong, T. Y. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Curr. Diab Rep. 12, 346\u2013354 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.04.003","volume":"139","author":"J Lechner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lechner, J., O\u2019Leary, O. E. & Stitt, A. W. The pathology associated with diabetic retinopathy. Vis. Res 139, 7\u201314 (2017).","journal-title":"Vis. Res"},{"key":"10025_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03901-3","volume":"39","author":"J Cunha-Vaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cunha-Vaz, J., Mendes, L. & Reste-Ferreira, D. Understanding nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy progression using noninvasive imaging. Eye 39, 2627\u20132634 (2025).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10025_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19415","volume":"57","author":"H Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Photoreceptor cells influence retinal vascular degeneration in mouse models of retinal degeneration and diabetes. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 57, 4272\u20134281 (2016).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.04.010","volume":"139","author":"SS Hammer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammer, S. S. & Busik, J. V. The role of dyslipidemia in diabetic retinopathy. Vis. Res. 139, 228\u2013236 (2017).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10025_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01775-x","volume":"58","author":"R Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi, R., Lu, Y., Liu, D. & Guo, Z. Association of serum apolipoprotein B with retinal neurovascular structural alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. Acta Diabetol. 58, 1673\u20131681 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"10025_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.196030","volume":"21","author":"BS Ankit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ankit, B. S., Mathur, G., Agrawal, R. P. & Mathur, K. C. Stronger relationship of serum apolipoprotein A-1 and B with diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 21, 102\u2013105 (2017).","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10025_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0793","volume":"34","author":"MB Sasongko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sasongko, M. B. et al. Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Diab. Care 34, 474\u2013479 (2011).","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"10025_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.915575","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Plasma apolipoproteins predicting the occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 915575 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10025_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1440","volume":"49","author":"M Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu, M. et al. Intraretinal leakage and oxidation of LDL in diabetic retinopathy. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 2679\u20132685 (2008).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.TR120000981","volume":"62","author":"JV Busik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Busik, J. V. Lipid metabolism dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy. J. Lipid Res. 62, 100017 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10025_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choudhary, M., et al. LXRs regulate features of age-related macular degeneration and may be a potential therapeutic target. JCI Insight 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.131928 (2020).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131928"},{"key":"10025_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.07.008","volume":"22","author":"SS Hammer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammer, S. S. et al. The mechanism of diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis unifying key lipid regulators, Sirtuin 1 and Liver X receptor. EBioMedicine 22, 181\u2013190 (2017).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10025_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vieira, C. P., et al. Selective LXR agonist DMHCA corrects retinal and bone marrow dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.137230 (2020).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137230"},{"key":"10025_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90879","volume":"2","author":"S Tyagi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tyagi, S., Gupta, P., Saini, A. S., Kaushal, C. & Sharma, S. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: a family of nuclear receptors role in various diseases. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res 2, 236\u2013240 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res"},{"key":"10025_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3214","volume":"12","author":"JM Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters, J. M., Shah, Y. M. & Gonzalez, F. J. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12, 181\u2013195 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10025_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02709-y","volume":"59","author":"S Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. Retinoid X receptor: cellular and biochemical roles of nuclear receptor with a focus on neuropathological involvement. Mol. Neurobiol. 59, 2027\u20132050 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10025_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21402","volume":"58","author":"G Deng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deng, G. et al. Therapeutic effects of a novel agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 58, 5030\u20135042 (2017).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2174\/1874196700902010141","volume":"2","author":"AA Herzlich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herzlich, A. A. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression in murine models and humans with age-related macular degeneration. Open Biol. J. 2, 141\u2013148 (2009).","journal-title":"Open Biol. J."},{"key":"10025_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.099291","volume":"101","author":"Z Fu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease retinal neovascularization by adipose-endoplasmic reticulum stress reduction to increase adiponectin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101, 879\u2013888 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10025_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307211110","volume":"110","author":"Y Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Pathogenic role of diabetes-induced PPAR-alpha down-regulation in microvascular dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15401\u201315406 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10025_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.021","volume":"184","author":"L Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding, L. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protects capillary pericytes in the retina. Am. J. Pathol. 184, 2709\u20132720 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10025_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001288","volume":"363","author":"AS Group","year":"2010","unstructured":"Group, A. S. et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 233\u2013244 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dorofeeva, I., et al. Retinoid X receptor activation prevents diabetic retinopathy in murine models. Cells 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12192361 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192361"},{"key":"10025_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2259","volume":"34","author":"H Chakravarthy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakravarthy, H. et al. Role of acid sphingomyelinase in shifting the balance between proinflammatory and reparative bone marrow cells in diabetic retinopathy. Stem Cells 34, 972\u2013983 (2016).","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10025_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055177","volume":"8","author":"M Tikhonenko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tikhonenko, M. et al. N-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids prevent diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of retinal vascular damage and enhanced endothelial progenitor cell reparative function. PLoS One 8, e55177 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10025_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.013","volume":"36","author":"TF Dorweiler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dorweiler, T. F. et al. Diabetic retinopathy is a ceramidopathy reversible by anti-ceramide immunotherapy. Cell Metab. 36, 1521\u20131533 e1525 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10025_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02896-w","volume":"12","author":"L Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Li, J., Fu, C. & Chu, W. K. Reversing the effects of ceramide imbalance via anti-ceramide immunotherapy is an effective therapy for diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Discov. 12, 29 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"10025_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2012.10","volume":"2","author":"P Sapieha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sapieha, P. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids preserve retinal function in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutr. Diab. 2, e36 (2012).","journal-title":"Nutr. Diab."},{"key":"10025_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong, W. L. et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e106\u2013e116 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10025_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.018","volume":"75","author":"J Ambati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ambati, J. & Fowler, B. J. Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration. Neuron 75, 26\u201339 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10025_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marchesi, N., Capierri, M., Pascale, A., and Barbieri, A. Different therapeutic approaches for dry and Wet AMD. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252313053 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313053"},{"key":"10025_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104454","volume":"51","author":"M Kiruthika","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kiruthika, M. & Malathi, G. A comprehensive review on early detection of drusen patterns in age-related macular degeneration using deep learning models. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 51, 104454 (2025).","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10025_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0443","volume":"48","author":"S Sarks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarks, S., Cherepanoff, S., Killingsworth, M. & Sarks, J. Relationship of Basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 968\u2013977 (2007).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yao, P. L., Peavey, J., and Malek, G. Leveraging nuclear receptors as targets for pathological ocular vascular diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21082889 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082889"},{"key":"10025_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","volume":"48","author":"LG Fritsche","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fritsche, L. G. et al. A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants. Nat. Genet. 48, 134\u2013143 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10025_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00150","volume":"12","author":"HN Yassine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yassine, H. N. & Finch, C. E. APOE alleles and diet in brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 12, 150 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13568","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2468-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"O Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levy, O. et al. APOE isoforms control pathogenic subretinal inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. J. Neurosci. 35, 13568\u201313576 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10025_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-007-9064-2","volume":"10","author":"AO Edwards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edwards, A. O. & Malek, G. Molecular genetics of AMD and current animal models. Angiogenesis 10, 119\u2013132 (2007).","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"10025_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4059","volume":"22","author":"JS Joyal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joyal, J. S. et al. Retinal lipid and glucose metabolism dictates angiogenesis through the lipid sensor Ffar1. Nat. Med 22, 439\u2013445 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"10025_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.07.011","volume":"127","author":"DS Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao, D. S. et al. Complement C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized phase 2 trial. Ophthalmology 127, 186\u2013195 (2020).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10025_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/1750743X.2024.2368342","volume":"16","author":"CJ Danzig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danzig, C. J., Khanani, A. M. & Loewenstein, A. C5 inhibitor avacincaptad pegol treatment for geographic atrophy: a comprehensive review. Immunotherapy 16, 779\u2013790 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10025_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.027","volume":"128","author":"GJ Jaffe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaffe, G. J. et al. C5 inhibitor avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized pivotal phase 2\/3 trial. Ophthalmology 128, 576\u2013586 (2021).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10025_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002","volume":"24","author":"JP SanGiovanni","year":"2005","unstructured":"SanGiovanni, J. P. & Chew, E. Y. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog. Retin Eye Res. 24, 87\u2013138 (2005).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21796","volume":"58","author":"Z Fu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Adiponectin mediates dietary Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid protection against choroidal neovascularization in mice. Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 58, 3862\u20133870 (2017).","journal-title":"Investig.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.025","volume":"13","author":"Y Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gong, Y. et al. Fenofibrate inhibits cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2C activity to suppress pathological ocular angiogenesis. EBioMedicine 13, 201\u2013211 (2016).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10025_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.07.028","volume":"126","author":"SJ Bakri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bakri, S. J. et al. Safety and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a report by the american academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 126, 55\u201363 (2019).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10025_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61607-9","volume":"370","author":"AC Keech","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keech, A. C. et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370, 1687\u20131697 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10025_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0413","volume":"62","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Therapeutic effects of PPARalpha agonists on diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes models. Diabetes 62, 261\u2013272 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10025_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0595","volume":"63","author":"KR Markan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Markan, K. R. et al. Circulating FGF21 is liver derived and enhances glucose uptake during refeeding and overfeeding. Diabetes 63, 4057\u20134063 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10025_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.767590","volume":"292","author":"T Goto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goto, T. et al. The hepatokine FGF21 is crucial for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist-induced amelioration of metabolic disorders in obese mice. J. Biol. Chem. 292, 9175\u20139190 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10025_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0830","volume":"67","author":"Z Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects photoreceptor function in type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes 67, 974\u2013985 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10025_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.014","volume":"18","author":"Z Fu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. FGF21 administration suppresses retinal and choroidal neovascularization in mice. Cell Rep. 18, 1606\u20131613 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0550","volume":"60","author":"M Opreanu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Opreanu, M. et al. The unconventional role of acid sphingomyelinase in regulation of retinal microangiopathy in diabetic human and animal models. Diabetes 60, 2370\u20132378 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10025_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.03.011","volume":"2","author":"J Assawachananont","year":"2014","unstructured":"Assawachananont, J. et al. Transplantation of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived 3D retinal sheets into retinal degenerative mice. Stem Cell Rep. 2, 662\u2013674 (2014).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"10025_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kashani, A. H., et al. A bioengineered retinal pigment epithelial monolayer for advanced, dry age-related macular degeneration. Sci. Transl. Med. 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4097 (2018).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4097"},{"key":"10025_CR191","first-page":"CD008428","volume":"6","author":"SG Schwartz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwartz, S. G., Wang, X., Chavis, P., Kuriyan, A. E. & Abariga, S. A. Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6, CD008428 (2020).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10025_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128395","volume":"10","author":"K Ramchani-Ben Othman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramchani-Ben Othman, K., Cercy, C., Amri, M., Doly, M. & Ranchon-Cole, I. Dietary supplement enriched in antioxidants and omega-3 protects from progressive light-induced retinal degeneration. PloS one 10, e0128395 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10025_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100494","volume":"4","author":"J Mellor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mellor, J. et al. Role of systemic factors in improving the prognosis of diabetic retinal disease and predicting response to diabetic retinopathy treatment. Ophthalmol. Sci. 4, 100494 (2024).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"10025_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2022.11.003","volume":"34","author":"O Tomkins-Netzer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomkins-Netzer, O., Niederer, R. & Lightman, S. The role of statins in diabetic retinopathy. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 34, 128\u2013135 (2024).","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10025_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2024.2386360","volume":"49","author":"M Karapapak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karapapak, M., Kara, Z. M. Y. & Duzgun, E. The predictive utility of circulating PCSK9 levels on diabetic retinopathy stage. Curr. Eye Res. 49, 1107\u20131113 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10025_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.024","volume":"280","author":"ZS Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain, Z. S. et al. Potency matters: the role of statin intensity in modulating risk for age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 280, 326\u2013333 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.05.029","volume":"207","author":"D Vail","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vail, D., Callaway, N. F., Ludwig, C. A., Saroj, N. & Moshfeghi, D. M. Lipid-lowering medications are associated with lower risk of retinopathy and ophthalmic interventions among United States patients with diabetes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 207, 378\u2013384 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10025_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/705783","volume":"2014","author":"JG Grigsby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grigsby, J. G. et al. The role of microglia in diabetic retinopathy. J. Ophthalmol. 2014, 705783 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10025-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T12:02:14Z","timestamp":1776340934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10025-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-10025-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"536"}}