{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1793201249168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82472092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10237-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:45:00Z","timestamp":1778543100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shared subcortical\u2013default mode morphological dysconnectivity in adolescent bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6656-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junle","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanjuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6929-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 617\u2013627 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206","volume":"72","author":"M Goodkind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodkind, M. et al. Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 305 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.11.011","volume":"85","author":"Z Sha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sha, Z., Wager, T. D., Mechelli, A. & He, Y. Common dysfunction of large-scale neurocognitive networks across psychiatric disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 85, 379\u2013388 (2019).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.020","volume":"179","author":"GOTP Cross-Disorder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross-Disorder, G. O. T. P. Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders. Cell 179, 1469\u20131482 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25285","volume":"42","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Transdiagnostic time-varying dysconnectivity across major psychiatric disorders. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 1182\u20131196 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz111","volume":"46","author":"Q Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, Q. et al. Transdiagnostic dysfunctions in brain modules across patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a connectome-based study. Schizophr. Bull. 46, 699\u2013712 (2020).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10237_CR7","first-page":"542","volume":"5","author":"CC Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C. C. et al. Transdiagnostic and illness-specific functional dysconnectivity across schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 5, 542\u2013553 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby046","volume":"45","author":"M Xia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia, M. et al. Shared and distinct functional architectures of brain networks across psychiatric disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 45, 450\u2013463 (2019).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00081-9","volume":"1","author":"MS Keshavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keshavan, M. S., Giedd, J., Lau, J. Y., Lewis, D. A. & Paus, T. Changes in the adolescent brain and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 549\u2013558 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30022-1","volume":"2","author":"SM Sawyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D. & Patton, G. C. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2, 223\u2013228 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2513","volume":"9","author":"T Paus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paus, T., Keshavan, M. & Giedd, J. N. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 947\u2013957 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.151","volume":"380","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Transdiagnostic network alterations and associated neurotransmitter signatures across major psychiatric disorders in adolescents: evidence from edge-centric analysis of time-varying functional brain networks. J. Affect. Disord. 380, 401\u2013412 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. & He, Y. Toward individualized connectomes of brain morphology. Trends Neurosci. 47, 106\u2013119 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.011"},{"key":"10237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14384","volume":"29","author":"M Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai, M. et al. Individual-level brain morphological similarity networks: current methodologies and applications. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 29, 3713\u20133724 (2023).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, F. et al. Aberrant cortical morphological networks in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 51, 1351\u20131366 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae218"},{"key":"10237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, X. et al. Aberrant single-subject morphological brain networks in first-episode, treatment-naive adolescents with major depressive disorder. Psychoradiology 3, kkad017 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkad017"},{"key":"10237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115557","volume":"329","author":"B Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. Altered single-subject gray matter structural networks in first-episode drug-na\u00efve adolescent major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 329, 115557 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118018","volume":"235","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Surface-based single-subject morphological brain networks: effects of morphological index, brain parcellation and similarity measure, sample size-varying stability and test-retest reliability. Neuroimage 235, 118018 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Jin, X., Zhang, Y. & Wang, J. Single-subject morphological brain networks: connectivity mapping, topological characterization and test\u2013retest reliability. Brain Behav. 6, e00448 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.448"},{"key":"10237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.039","volume":"97","author":"J Seidlitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seidlitz, J. et al. Morphometric similarity networks detect microscale cortical organization and predict inter-individual cognitive variation. Neuron 97, 231\u2013247 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120434","volume":"283","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Single-subject cortical morphological brain networks: phenotypic associations and neurobiological substrates. Neuroimage 283, 120434 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Morphological brain networks of white matter: mapping, evaluation, characterization, and application. Adv. Sci. 11, 2400061 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400061"},{"key":"10237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120673","volume":"296","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Mapping morphological cortical networks with joint probability distributions from multiple morphological features. Neuroimage 296, 120673 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00458","volume":"9","author":"S Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin, S., Li, J. & Wang, J. Brain connectome from neuronal morphology. Netw. Neurosci. 9, 913\u2013937 (2025).","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"10237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01376-7","volume":"26","author":"I Sebenius","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebenius, I. et al. Robust estimation of cortical similarity networks from brain MRI. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 1461\u20131471 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y. et al. Altered temporal variability of local and large-scale resting-state brain functional connectivity patterns in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Front. Psychiatry 11, 422 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00422"},{"key":"10237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, N. et al. Subcortical volumetric alterations in four major psychiatric disorders: a mega-analysis study of 5604 subjects and a volumetric data-driven approach for classification. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 5206\u20135216 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02141-9"},{"key":"10237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac018","volume":"146","author":"K Sabaroedin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabaroedin, K. et al. Frontostriatothalamic effective connectivity and dopaminergic function in the psychosis continuum. Brain 146, 372\u2013386 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.156","volume":"36","author":"TA Lesh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lesh, T. A., Niendam, T. A., Minzenberg, M. J. & Carter, C. S. Cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia: mechanisms and meaning. Neuropsychopharmacology 36, 316\u2013338 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.081","volume":"417","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Functional dysconnectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in first-episode schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. Neurosci. Lett. 417, 297\u2013302 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.05.005","volume":"185","author":"DD Aguilar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguilar, D. D. & Mcnally, J. M. Subcortical control of the default mode network: role of the basal forebrain and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res. Bull. 185, 129\u2013139 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.005","volume":"76","author":"JW Hwang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hwang, J. W. et al. Enhanced default mode network connectivity with ventral striatum in subthreshold depression individuals. J. Psychiatr. Res. 76, 111\u2013120 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118758","volume":"245","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Mapping the subcortical connectivity of the human default mode network. Neuroimage 245, 118758 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01402-9","volume":"27","author":"T Steward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steward, T. et al. A thalamo-centric neural signature for restructuring negative self-beliefs. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 1611\u20131617 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt162","volume":"137","author":"R Leech","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leech, R. & Sharp, D. J. The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. Brain 137, 12\u201332 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01945-2","volume":"224","author":"ET Rolls","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rolls, E. T. The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory. Brain Struct. Funct. 224, 3001\u20133018 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24752","volume":"40","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Stress and the brain: perceived stress mediates the impact of the superior frontal gyrus spontaneous activity on depressive symptoms in late adolescence. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40, 4982\u20134993 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.036","volume":"71","author":"PT Bell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bell, P. T. & Shine, J. M. Subcortical contributions to large-scale network communication. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 71, 313\u2013322 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X. et al. Dissecting human cortical similarity networks across the lifespan. Neuron 113, 3275\u20133295 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.06.018"},{"key":"10237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110827","volume":"127","author":"G Cattarinussi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cattarinussi, G., Di Giorgio, A., Moretti, F., Bondi, E. & Sambataro, F. Dynamic functional connectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the evidence and associations with psychopathological features. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 127, 110827 (2023).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0406-4","volume":"25","author":"B Conio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conio, B. et al. Opposite effects of dopamine and serotonin on resting-state networks: review and implications for psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 82\u201393 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666210902164235","volume":"22","author":"TR de Sousa","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Sousa, T. R., Dt, C. & Novais, F. Exploring the hypothesis of a schizophrenia and bipolar disorder continuum: biological, genetic and pharmacologic data. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 22, 161 (2023).","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01064-9","volume":"42","author":"M Pourhamzeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pourhamzeh, M. et al. The roles of serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 42, 1671\u20131692 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.005","volume":"60","author":"DM Cannon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cannon, D. M. et al. Serotonin transporter binding in bipolar disorder assessed using [11C]DASB and positron emission tomography. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 207\u2013217 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.201","volume":"64","author":"MA Oquendo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oquendo, M. A. et al. Brain serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with bipolar disorder using positron emission tomography. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 201 (2007).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011193","volume":"25","author":"AH Kihara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kihara, A. H. GABA signaling in health and disease in the nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 11193 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12074","volume":"15","author":"RO Brady","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brady, R. O. et al. Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 15, 434\u2013439 (2013).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maletic, V. & Raison, C. Integrated neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Front. Psychiatry 5, 98 (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00098"},{"key":"10237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00874.x","volume":"12","author":"WR Marchand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marchand, W. R. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. Striatal structure and function in mood disorders: a comprehensive review. Bipolar Disord. 12, 764\u2013785 (2010).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01015.x","volume":"14","author":"BN Blond","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blond, B. N., Fredericks, C. A. & Blumberg, H. P. Functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: structure, function, and connectivity in an amygdala\u2013anterior paralimbic neural system. Bipolar Disord. 14, 340\u2013355 (2012).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10237_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.01.004","volume":"33","author":"J Savitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Savitz, J. & Drevets, W. C. Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33, 699\u2013771 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10237_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.018","volume":"59","author":"EJ Nestler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nestler, E. J. & Carlezon, W. A. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 59, 1151\u20131159 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.314","volume":"158","author":"M Martinot","year":"2001","unstructured":"Martinot, M. et al. Decreased presynaptic dopamine function in the left caudate of depressed patients with affective flattening and psychomotor retardation. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 314 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.033","volume":"91","author":"R Tremblay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tremblay, R., Lee, S. & Rudy, B. GABAergic interneurons in the neocortex: from cellular properties to circuits. Neuron 91, 260\u2013292 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10237_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524015666150303003028","volume":"15","author":"R Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao, R. & Penzes, P. Common mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Curr. Mol. Med. 15, 146\u2013167 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10237_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12155.1","volume":"7","author":"M Selten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selten, M., van Bokhoven, H. & Nadif Kasri, N. Inhibitory control of the excitatory\/inhibitory balance in psychiatric disorders. F1000Research 7, 23 (2018).","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"10237_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021250","volume":"25","author":"S Stanca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanca, S., Rossetti, M., Bokulic Panichi, L. & Bongioanni, P. The cellular dysfunction of the brain\u2013blood barrier from endothelial cells to astrocytes: the pathway towards neurotransmitter impairment in schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 1250 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10237_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, C., Hanley, N. & Campbell, M. Blood-brain barrier associated tight junction disruption is a hallmark feature of major psychiatric disorders. Transl. Psychiatry 10, 373 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01054-3"},{"key":"10237_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02255-0","volume":"28","author":"P Lizano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lizano, P., Pong, S., Santarriaga, S., Bannai, D. & Karmacharya, R. Brain microvascular endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in psychotic disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 3698\u20133708 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000334779","volume":"81","author":"JG Fiedorowicz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fiedorowicz, J. G., Coryell, W. H., Rice, J. P., Warren, L. L. & Haynes, W. G. Vasculopathy related to manic\/hypomanic symptom burden and first-generation antipsychotics in a sub-sample from the collaborative depression study. Psychother. Psychosom. 81, 235\u2013243 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"10237_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020479","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479","volume":"8","author":"M Simons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simons, M. & Nave, K. A. Oligodendrocytes: myelination and axonal support. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 8, a020479 (2016).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10237_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14289-4","volume":"362","author":"D Tkachev","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tkachev, D. et al. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 362, 798\u2013805 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10237_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.049","volume":"55","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ashburner, J. & Friston, K. J. Diffeomorphic registration using geodesic shooting and Gauss\u2013Newton optimisation. Neuroimage 55, 954\u2013967 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02343-1","volume":"29","author":"S Si","year":"2024","unstructured":"Si, S. et al. Mapping gray and white matter volume abnormalities in early-onset psychosis: an ENIGMA multicenter voxel-based morphometry study. Mol. Psychiatry 29, 496\u2013504 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.03.017","volume":"2","author":"Y Shigemoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shigemoto, Y. et al. In vivo evaluation of gray and white matter volume loss in the Parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy using SPM8 plus DARTEL for VBM. NeuroImage Clin. 2, 491\u2013496 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10237_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263310552312256","DOI":"10.1177\/26331055231225657","volume":"19","author":"C Saha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saha, C., Figley, C. R., Dastgheib, Z., Lithgow, B. J. & Moussavi, Z. Gray and white matter voxel-based morphometry of alzheimer\u2019s disease with and without significant cerebrovascular pathologies. Neurosci. Insights 19, 26331055231225657 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"10237_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.10.006","volume":"95","author":"A Joy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joy, A. et al. Alterations of gray and white matter volumes and cortical thickness in treated HIV-positive patients. Magn. Reson. Imaging 95, 27\u201338 (2023).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"10237_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.056","volume":"41","author":"M Wilke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilke, M., Holland, S. K., Altaye, M. & Gaser, C. Template-o-matic: a toolbox for creating customized pediatric templates. Neuroimage 41, 903\u2013913 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw157","volume":"26","author":"L Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan, L. et al. The human brainnetome atlas: a new brain atlas based on connectional architecture. Cereb. Cortex 26, 3508\u20133526 (2016).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10237_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","volume":"106","author":"BT Yeo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yeo, B. T. et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 1125\u20131165 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10237_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42945-5","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Covariance patterns between sleep health domains and distributed intrinsic functional connectivity. Nat. Commun. 14, 7133 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10237_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.022","volume":"97","author":"T Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu, T. et al. Regional structural-functional connectivity coupling in major depressive disorder is associated with neurotransmitter and genetic profiles. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 290\u2013301 (2025).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/30918","volume":"393","author":"DJ Watts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watts, D. J. & Strogatz, S. H. Collective dynamics of \u2018small-world\u2019 networks. Nature 393, 440\u2013442 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10237_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20623","volume":"30","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Parcellation-dependent small-world brain functional networks: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1511\u20131523 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10237_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021976","volume":"6","author":"JH Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, J. H. et al. Graph theoretical analysis of functional brain networks: test-retest evaluation on short- and long-term resting-state functional MRI data. PLoS ONE 6, e21976 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10237_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.05.018","volume":"70","author":"J Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Disrupted brain connectivity networks in drug-naive, first-episode major depressive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 70, 334\u2013342 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10237_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. GRETNA: a graph theoretical network analysis toolbox for imaging connectomics. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 386 (2015).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00386"},{"key":"10237_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24007","volume":"39","author":"HC Baggio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baggio, H. C. et al. Statistical inference in brain graphs using threshold-free network-based statistics. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39, 2289\u20132302 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10237_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.041","volume":"53","author":"A Zalesky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zalesky, A., Fornito, A. & Bullmore, E. T. Network-based statistic: identifying differences in brain networks. Neuroimage 53, 1197\u20131207 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. Categorical and dimensional deficits in hippocampal subfields among schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 8, 91\u2013101 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.06.011"},{"key":"10237_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25244","volume":"42","author":"J Dukart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dukart, J. et al. JuSpace : a tool for spatial correlation analyses of magnetic resonance imaging data with nuclear imaging derived neurotransmitter maps. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 555\u2013566 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10237_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3","volume":"25","author":"JY Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen, J. Y. et al. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1569\u20131581 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10237_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12407","volume":"6","author":"HH Wagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner, H. H. & Dray, S. P. Generating spatially constrained null models for irregularly spaced data using Moran spectral randomization methods. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1169\u20131178 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10237_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11405","volume":"489","author":"MJ Hawrylycz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawrylycz, M. J. et al. An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature 489, 391\u2013399 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10237_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markello, R. D. et al. Standardizing workflows in imaging transcriptomics with the abagen toolbox. Elife 10, e72129 (2021).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72129"},{"key":"10237_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.011","volume":"189","author":"A Arnatkeviciute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnatkeviciute, A., Fulcher, B. D. & Fornito, A. A practical guide to linking brain-wide gene expression and neuroimaging data. Neuroimage 189, 353\u2013367 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10237_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005064","volume":"12","author":"L Kirsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirsch, L. & Chechik, G. On expression patterns and developmental origin of human brain regions. PLoS Comput. Biol. 12, e1005064 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10237_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4171","volume":"18","author":"M Hawrylycz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hawrylycz, M. et al. Canonical genetic signatures of the adult human brain. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1832\u20131844 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10237_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnatkeviciute, A. et al. Genetic influences on hub connectivity of the human connectome. Nat. Commun. 12, 4237 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24306-2"},{"key":"10237_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, J. Numerical source data for shared subcortical\u2013default mode morphological dysconnectivity in adolescent bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia [data set]. Figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.32034771 (2026).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.32034771"},{"key":"10237_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, J. Custom codes for shared subcortical\u2013default mode morphological dysconnectivity in adolescent bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.32049330 (2026).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.32049330"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10237-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10237-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10237-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:03:24Z","timestamp":1784678604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10237-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-10237-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"1003"}}