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We empirically explore this hypothesis by testing participants on a riddle before and after a 90-minute incubation period including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, only non-REM sleep, or wakefulness. We quantified memory restructuring by computing differences in problem-related semantic memory network (SemNets) properties between pre- and post-incubation. For each sleep stage, we extracted fine-grained electroencephalogram (EEG) measures linked to cognitive richness. REM sleep, compared to wake, reshaped the dominant problem representation by combining semantically remote concepts in memory and reducing strong but solution-irrelevant associations of ideas. Such REM sleep-related restructuring was associated with EEG measures indexing a richer cognitive state. While REM drove memory restructuring, it alone did not boost problem-solving success, suggesting that more extensive restructuring or additional processes are necessary for creative breakthroughs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10354-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:45:15Z","timestamp":1780497915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["REM sleep favors the restructuring of problem-related semantic associations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Th\u00e9ophile","family":"Bieth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Decat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoed N.","family":"Kenett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Scuccimarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Ovando-Tellez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliz\u00e9e","family":"Lopez-Persem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Lacaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saoussen","family":"Ben Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Le Coz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0606-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Moreno-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Arnulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Volle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Oudiette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10354_CR1","unstructured":"Barrett, D. 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