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The main inactive IAA metabolites are oxidised forms and ester- or amide-linked conjugates. DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION1 (DAO1) and DAO2, 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases, contribute to IAA oxidative inactivation with group II GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3) IAA-amido synthetases, while UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) conjugate IAA to sugars. To study IAA inactivation routes, we generated combinatorial Arabidopsis mutants between all group II\n                    <jats:italic>GH3s<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>gh3oct<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>DAO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>DAO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and between\n                    <jats:italic>DAOs<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the main\n                    <jats:italic>UGTs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In vivo [\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]IAA feeding experiments traced exogenously applied IAA\u2019s metabolic fate, supporting the main IAA inactivation pathway where DAOs act downstream of GH3s. Results from these experiments also indicated UGT-mediated IAA glycosylation is more important than previously assumed for modulating IAA levels and plant development. Our metabolic and transcriptomic data revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>gh3oct<\/jats:italic>\n                    may still retain some GH3 activity, explaining previously reported phenotypic inconsistencies. Our data additionally suggest that unidentified metabolic activities might play a role in IAA overproducing plants, and that premature downregulation of flowering time regulators like\n                    <jats:italic>FLOWERING LOCUS C<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>FLC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) likely underlies early flowering of\n                    <jats:italic>gh3oct<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>gh3oct dao1-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10431-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:34:04Z","timestamp":1780565644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive characterisation of IAA inactivation pathways reveals the impact of glycosylation on auxin metabolism and plant development in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Casanova-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"P\u011bn\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Brunoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Ament","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Hlad\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asta","family":"\u017dukauskaite\u0307","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160imura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Vo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3452-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Nov\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Ljung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2364-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Mateo-Bonmat\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casanova-S\u00e1ez, R., Mateo-Bonmat\u00ed, E. & Ljung, K. 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