{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:44:36Z","timestamp":1793173476491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25483838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25483838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10562-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:30:57Z","timestamp":1782707457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New insights into outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria from biogenesis to applications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1567-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bitnara","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woojun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10562_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00875-5","volume":"21","author":"M Toyofuku","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toyofuku, M. et al. Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 415\u2013430 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01414-8","volume":"22","author":"H Mobarak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mobarak, H. et al. Prokaryotic microvesicles ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields. Cell Commun. Signal 22, 80 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"10562_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-49-1-1","volume":"49","author":"SN Chatterjee","year":"1967","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. N. & Das, J. Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell-wall material by Vibrio cholerae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 49, 1\u201311 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-052821-031444","volume":"75","author":"MG Sartorio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sartorio, M. G. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: from discovery to applications. Annu. Rev. Microbiol 75, 609\u2013630 (2021).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"10562_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-021-1085-9","volume":"59","author":"M Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, M. et al. Gain and loss of antibiotic resistant genes in multidrug resistant bacteria: one Health perspective. J. Microbiol. 59, 535\u2013545 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108174","volume":"40","author":"HM McMillan","year":"2021","unstructured":"McMillan, H. M. & Kuehn, M. J. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J. 40, e108174 (2021).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10562_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2301357","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301357","volume":"10","author":"Y Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan, Y. et al. Bacterial membrane vesicles: physiological roles, infection immunology, and applications. Adv. Sci. 10, e2301357 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10562_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx131","volume":"72","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. et al. Acinetobacter baumannii transfers the blaNDM-1 gene via outer membrane vesicles. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72, 2201\u20132207 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10562_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.09.006","volume":"42","author":"V Tiku","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiku, V. & Tan, M. W. Host immunity and cellular responses to bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Trends Immunol. 42, 1024\u20131036 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01093-8","volume":"16","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. T6SS secretes an LPS-binding effector to recruit OMVs for exploitative competition and horizontal gene transfer. ISME J. 16, 500\u2013510 (2022).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10562_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03925","volume":"437","author":"L Mashburn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mashburn, L. & Whiteley, M. Membrane vesicles traffic signals and facilitate group activities in a prokaryote. Nature 437, 422\u2013425 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10562_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00293-22","volume":"10","author":"G Dhurve","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhurve, G. et al. Outer membrane vesicles of Acinetobacter baumannii DS002 are selectively enriched with TonB-dependent transporters and play a key role in iron acquisition. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e0029322 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04549","volume":"7","author":"S Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, S. et al. Outer membrane vesicles secreted by Helicobacter pylori transmitting gastric pathogenic virulence factors. ACS Omega 7, 240\u2013258 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10562_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03051","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03051-22","volume":"14","author":"R Imamiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imamiya, R. et al. Escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles relay inflammatory responses to macrophage-derived exosomes. mBio 14, e03051\u201303022 (2023).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00929-10","volume":"55","author":"C Rumbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rumbo, C. et al. Horizontal transfer of the OXA-24 carbapenemase gene via outer membrane vesicles: a new mechanism of dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 3084\u20133090 (2011).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10562_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00520-23","volume":"8","author":"N Sirisaengtaksin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sirisaengtaksin, N. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles provide an alternative pathway for trafficking of Escherichia coli O157 type III secreted effectors to epithelial cells. mSphere 8, e00520-23 (2023).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10562_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<220::AID-PATH307>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"188","author":"R Fiocca","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fiocca, R. et al. Release of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by both a specific secretion pathway and budding of outer membrane vesicles. Uptake of released toxin and vesicles by gastric epithelium. J. Pathol. 188, 220\u2013226 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10562_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07307.x","volume":"77","author":"A Olofsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olofsson, A. et al. Biochemical and functional characterization of Helicobacter pylori vesicles. Mol. Microbiol 77, 1539\u20131555 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"10562_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vermilyea, D. M. et al., PPAD Activity promotes outer membrane vesicle biogenesis and surface translocation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Bacteriol. 203: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00343-20. (2021).","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00343-20"},{"key":"10562_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00634-21","volume":"10","author":"MG Sartorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sartorio, M. G. et al. Lipidomics analysis of outer membrane vesicles and elucidation of the inositol phosphoceramide biosynthetic pathway in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e00634-21 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)40001-X","volume":"265","author":"CR Raetz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Raetz, C. R. & Dowhan, W. Biosynthesis and function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1235\u20131238 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10562_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-032521-014507","volume":"78","author":"WB Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan, W. B. & Chng, S. S. How Bacteria establish and maintain outer membrane lipid asymmetry. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 78, 553\u2013573 (2024).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0471-x","volume":"2","author":"E Beltr\u00e1n-Heredia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n-Heredia, E. et al. Membrane curvature induces cardiolipin sorting. Commun. Biol. 2, 225 (2019).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0368-3","volume":"20","author":"VAK Rathinam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rathinam, V. A. K. et al. Innate immunity to intracellular LPS. Nat. Immunol. 20, 527\u2013533 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR25","first-page":"050","volume":"vkae","author":"RC Stephen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stephen, R. C. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles divert host innate immunity and promote inflammation via C4\u2032 monophosphorylated lipid A. J. Immun. vkae, 050 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.015","volume":"165","author":"SK Vanaja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vanaja, S. K. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles mediate cytosolic localization of LPS and caspase-11 activation. Cell 165, 1106\u20131119 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10562_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00118-13","volume":"27","author":"SJ Dando","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dando, S. J. et al. Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 691\u2013726 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10562_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306314120","volume":"120","author":"MG Sartorio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sartorio, M. G. et al. Human gut bacteria tailor extracellular vesicle cargo for the breakdown of diet- and host-derived glycans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2306314120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10562_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0112-2","volume":"17","author":"M Toyofuku","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toyofuku, M. et al. Types and origins of bacterial membrane vesicles. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 13\u201324 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11220","volume":"7","author":"L Turnbull","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turnbull, L. et al. Explosive cell lysis as a mechanism for the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and biofilms. Nat. Commun. 7, 11220 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00032-22","volume":"86","author":"R Juodeikis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Juodeikis, R. & Carding, S. R. Outer membrane vesicles: biogenesis, functions, and issues. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 86, e0003222 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10562_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00336-24","volume":"207","author":"SR Alaei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alaei, S. R. et al. Lipid a remodeling modulates outer membrane vesicle biogenesis by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Bacteriol. 207, e00336-24 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10562_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12521","volume":"13","author":"A Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, A. et al. The emerging role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in human cancers. J. Extracell. Vesicles 13, e12521 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"10562_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim et al., Periplasmic crowding and peptidoglycan hydrolase activity as drivers of outer membrane vesiculation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Commun. Biol. (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09876-5"},{"key":"10562_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70087","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han et al. Fine-tuning regulation of (p)ppGpp-driven outer membrane vesicle formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. FEBS J. 14, 3696\u20133717 (2025).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10562_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(75)90013-1","volume":"415","author":"V Braun","year":"1975","unstructured":"Braun, V. Covalent lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 415, 335\u2013377 (1975).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10562_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-188425","volume":"26","author":"JS Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park, J. S. et al. Mechanism of anchoring of OmpA protein to the cell wall peptidoglycan of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. FASEB J. 26, 219\u2013228 (2012).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10562_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0332156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332156","volume":"20","author":"BP Weaver","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weaver, B. P. et al. The density of Braun\u2019s Lipoprotein determines vesicle production in E. coli. PLoS One 20, e0332156 (2025).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10562_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-012-1589-4","volume":"50","author":"DC Moon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moon, D. C. et al. Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein a modulates the biogenesis of outer membrane vesicles. J. Microbiol. 50, 155\u2013160 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.243485.114","volume":"28","author":"MS Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, M. S. et al. A new \u03c3E-dependent sRNA, combats envelope stress by repressing synthesis of Lpp, the major outer membrane lipoprotein. Genes Dev. 28, 1620\u20131634 (2014).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10562_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15083-5","volume":"11","author":"J Szczepaniak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szczepaniak, J. et al. The lipoprotein Pal stabilises the bacterial outer membrane during constriction by a mobilisation-and-capture mechanism. Nat. Commun. 11, 1305 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628801","volume":"12","author":"SL Reimer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reimer, S. L. et al. Comparative analysis of outer membrane vesicle isolation methods with an Escherichia coli tolA mutant reveals a hypervesiculating phenotype with outer-inner membrane vesicle content. Front. Microbiol. 12, 628801 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1389663","volume":"15","author":"P Marchant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marchant, P. et al. \u03b2-lactam-induced OMV release promotes polymyxin tolerance in Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi. Front. Microbiol. 15, 1389663 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0498-9","volume":"16","author":"C de Chiara","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Chiara, C. et al. D-Cycloserine destruction by alanine racemase and the limit of irreversible inhibition. Nat. Chem. Biol. 16, 686\u2013694 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-258","volume":"11","author":"AJ Manning","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manning, A. J. & Kuehn, M. J. Contribution of bacterial outer membrane vesicles to innate bacterial defense. BMC Microbiol. 11, 258 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02192-12","volume":"195","author":"C Schwechheimer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwechheimer, C. & Kuehn, M. J. Synthetic effect between envelope stress and lack of outer membrane vesicle production in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 195, 4161\u20134173 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10562_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1315-4","volume":"199","author":"Y Ojima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ojima, Y. et al. Deletion of degQ gene enhances outer membrane vesicle production of Shewanella oneidensis cells. Arch. Microbiol. 199, 415\u2013423 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12701","volume":"281","author":"X Ge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ge, X. et al. DegP primarily functions as a protease for the biogenesis of \u03b2-barrel outer membrane proteins in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. FEBS J. 281, 1226\u20131240 (2014).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10562_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01532-16","volume":"7","author":"KE Bonnington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonnington, K. E. & Kuehn, M. J. Outer membrane vesicle production facilitates LPS remodeling and outer membrane maintenance in Salmonella during environmental transitions. mBio 7, e01532-16 (2016).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10515","volume":"7","author":"S Roier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roier, S. et al. A novel mechanism for the biogenesis of outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Commun. 7, 10515 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.12.002","volume":"2","author":"F Zingl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zingl, F. et al. Outer membrane vesiculation facilitates surface exchange and in vivo adaptation of Vibrio cholerae. Cell Host Microbe 2, 225\u2013237.e8 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10562_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01109-20","volume":"5","author":"AC Cooke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooke, A. C. et al. Pseudomonas quinolone signal-induced outer membrane vesicles enhance biofilm dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSphere 5, e01109-20 (2020).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10562_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02917-23","volume":"12","author":"F Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan, F. et al. Proteomic analysis of meropenem-induced outer membrane vesicles released by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol. Spectr. 12, e0291723 (2024).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaar, V. et al., Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles carry \u03b2-lactamase and promote survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by inactivating amoxicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 55 (2011).","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01772-10"},{"key":"10562_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10303-5","volume":"104","author":"B Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin, B. et al. OxyR-controlled surface polysaccharide production and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104, 1259\u20131271 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10562_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03343-24","volume":"16","author":"L Capodimonte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Capodimonte, L. et al. OXA \u03b2-lactamases from Acinetobacter spp. are membrane bound and secreted into outer membrane vesicles. mBio 16, e0334324 (2025).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00262-22","volume":"10","author":"MH Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang, M. H. et al. Proteomic network of antibiotic-induced outer membrane vesicles released by extensively drug-resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e0026222 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4140.952","volume":"184","author":"ED Weinberg","year":"1974","unstructured":"Weinberg, E. D. Iron and susceptibility to infectious disease. Science 184, 952\u2013956 (1974).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10562_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2836","volume":"10","author":"MI Hood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hood, M. I. & Skaar, E. P. Nutritional immunity: transition metals at the pathogen-host interface. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 525\u2013537 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00644-25","volume":"16","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, Y. J. et al. Characterization of proteins present in the biofilm matrix and outer membrane vesicles of Histophilus somni during iron-sufficient and iron-restricted growth: identification of potential protective antigens through in silico analyses. mBio 16, e0064425 (2025).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proteomics in chronic pain; investigating mechanistic markers of pain. J. Proteomics. 190, iii (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.10.011"},{"key":"10562_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00438-22","volume":"91","author":"R Avraham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Avraham, R. Untangling cellular host-pathogen encounters at infection bottlenecks. Infect. Immun. 91, e00438-22 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR63","unstructured":"Marcel I. et al., Host-pathogen interaction meeting (HPIM) 2021: a virtual event organized by the Brazilian scientific community. Mol. Microbiol. (2022)."},{"key":"10562_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.101","volume":"7","author":"G Nielubowicz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielubowicz, G. & Mobley, H. Host\u2013pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection. Nat. Rev. Urol. 7, 430\u2013441 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10562_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01416-13","volume":"82","author":"J Bai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bai, J. et al. Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicle-associated proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 82, 4001\u20134010 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01837","volume":"9","author":"S Lekmeechai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lekmeechai, S. et al. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles protect the pathogen from reactive oxygen species of the respiratory burst. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1837 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2024.102680","volume":"137","author":"Y Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, Y. et al. Alleviation of H2O2 toxicity by extracellular catalases in the phycosphere of Microcystis aeruginosa. Harmful Algae 137, 102680 (2024).","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10562_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35409-0","volume":"8","author":"N Taheri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taheri, N. et al. Campylobacter jejuni bile exposure influences outer membrane vesicles protein content and bacterial interaction with epithelial cells. Sci. Rep. 8, 16996 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10562_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66988","volume":"10","author":"J Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, J. et al. A novel decoy strategy for polymyxin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. eLife 10, e66988 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10562_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00177","volume":"9","author":"C Davies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davies, C. et al. Sodium Taurocholate Stimulates Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicle production via down-regulation of the maintenance of lipid asymmetry pathway. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 9, 177 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00523-21","volume":"6","author":"MD Balhuizen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balhuizen, M. D. et al. Outer membrane vesicles protect Gram-negative bacteria against host defense peptides. mSphere 6, e0052321 (2021).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10562_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00792","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00792-17","volume":"200","author":"T Reyes-Robles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reyes-Robles, T. et al. Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles inhibit bacteriophage infection. J. Bacteriol. 200, e00792\u201317 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10562_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02653-9","volume":"24","author":"X Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Review on bacterial outer membrane vesicles: structure, vesicle formation, separation and biotechnological applications. Micro. Cell Fact. 24, 27 (2025).","journal-title":"Micro. Cell Fact."},{"key":"10562_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00480-4","volume":"18","author":"S Jalalifar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jalalifar, S. et al. Emerging role of microbiota derived outer membrane vesicles to preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic proposes. Infect. Agent Cancer 18, 3 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"10562_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007240","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Dysregulated hemolysin liberates bacterial outer membrane vesicles for cytosolic lipopolysaccharide sensing. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1007240 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1490732","volume":"2021","author":"N Furuyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furuyama, N. & Sircili, M. P. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria: structure, functions, biogenesis, and vaccine application. Biomed. Res. Int. 2021, 1490732 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10562_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.754110","volume":"15","author":"KL Prichard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prichard, K. L. et al. Role of clathrin and dynamin in clathrin mediated endocytosis\/synaptic vesicle recycling and implications in neurological diseases. Front. Cell Neurosci. 15, 754110 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10562_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07125-1","volume":"7","author":"D Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng, D. et al. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles directly promote A\u03b2 aggregation and enhance A\u03b2 toxicity in APP\/PS1 mice. Commun. Biol. 7, 1474 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-012644","volume":"87","author":"M Mettlen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mettlen, M. et al. Regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 87, 871\u2013896 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10562_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201694613","volume":"35","author":"B Antonny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Antonny, B. et al. Membrane fission by dynamin: what we know and what we need to know. EMBO J. 35, 2270\u20132284 (2016).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10562_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51364-z","volume":"15","author":"R Dehinwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dehinwal, R. et al. A pH-sensitive motif in an outer membrane protein activates bacterial membrane vesicle production. Nat. Commun. 15, 6958 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cecil J. D. et al., Outer membrane vesicle-host cell interactions. Microbiol. Spectr. 7: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0001-2018 (2019).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0001-2018"},{"key":"10562_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgn218","volume":"29","author":"K Chitcholtan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chitcholtan, K. et al. Outer membrane vesicles enhance the carcinogenic potential of Helicobacter pylori. Carcinogenesis 29, 2400\u20132405 (2008).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10562_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050214","volume":"7","author":"CN Pollak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pollak, C. N. et al. Outer membrane vesicles from Brucella abortus promote bacterial internalization by human monocytes and modulate their innate immune response. PLoS One 7, e50214 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10562_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.01.003","volume":"91","author":"PV Rewatkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rewatkar, P. V. et al. Are caveolae a cellular entry route for non-viral therapeutic delivery systems? Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 91, 92\u2013108 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10562_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7867","volume":"6","author":"E Shvets","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shvets, E. et al. Dynamic caveolae exclude bulk membrane proteins and are required for sorting of excess glycosphingolipids. Nat. Commun. 6, 6867 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.87","volume":"31","author":"SW Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun, S. W. et al. Caveolae and caveolin-1 mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of oxidized low density lipoprotein in endothelial cells. Acta Pharm. Sin. 31, 1336\u20131342 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"10562_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-022-00236-y","volume":"255","author":"S Prakash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prakash, S. et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying Caveolin-1 mediated membrane curvature. J. Membr. Biol. 255, 225\u2013236 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.945656","volume":"13","author":"RK Batori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Batori, R. K. et al. Protective role of Cav-1 in pneumolysin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Front. Immunol. 13, 945656 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00534-21","volume":"12","author":"FG Zingl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zingl, F. G. et al. Outer membrane vesicles of Vibrio cholerae protect and deliver active cholera toxin to host cells via porin-dependent uptake. mBio 12, e0053421 (2021).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.06.003","volume":"47","author":"J Badaut","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badaut, J. et al. Physiological and pathological roles of caveolins in the central nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 47, 651\u2013664 (2024).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10562_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01546.x","volume":"13","author":"V Schaar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaar, V. et al. Multicomponent Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles induce an inflammatory response and are internalized by human epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 13, 432\u2013449 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05332-11","volume":"79","author":"SW Sharpe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharpe, S. W. et al. Elicitation of epithelial cell-derived immune effectors by outer membrane vesicles of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect. Immun. 79, 4361\u20134369 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39583-2","volume":"14","author":"Z Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, Z. et al. Membrane translocation process revealed by in situ structures of type II secretion system secretins. Nat. Commun. 14, 4025 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106038","volume":"177","author":"A Bryson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bryson, A. et al. Extracellular vesicles are conduits for E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and the B-subunits of LT and cholera toxin in immune cell-to-cell communication. Micro. Pathog. 177, 106038 (2023).","journal-title":"Micro. Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-09","volume":"74","author":"TN Ellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellis, T. N. & Kuehn, M. J. Virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 81\u201394 (2010).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10562_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32538","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203740200","volume":"277","author":"AL Horstman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horstman, A. L. & Kuehn, M. J. Bacterial surface association of heat-labile enterotoxin through lipopolysaccharide after secretion via the general secretory pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32538\u201332545 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10562_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwab133","volume":"32","author":"D Zalem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zalem, D. et al. Characterization of the ganglioside recognition profile of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIc. Glycobiology 32, 391\u2013403 (2022).","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10562_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600471","volume":"23","author":"NC Kesty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kesty, N. C. et al. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vesicles target toxin delivery into mammalian cells. Embo J. 23, 4538\u20134549 (2004).","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"10562_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00920-19","volume":"88","author":"NP Giordano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giordano, N. P. et al. Outer membrane lipid secretion and the innate immune response to Gram-negative bacteria. Infect. Immun. 88, e00920\u201319 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12655","volume":"18","author":"EJ O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue, E. J. & Krachler, A. M. Mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells. Cell Microbiol. 18, 1508\u20131517 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2977","volume":"11","author":"K Simons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simons, K. & Gerl, M. Revitalizing membrane rafts: new tools and insights. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 688\u2013699 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63127","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.631274","volume":"12","author":"I Ripa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ripa, I. et al. Membrane rafts: portals for viral entry. Front Microbiol 12, 63127 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10562_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10448-3","volume":"19","author":"A Roy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy, A. & Patra, S. K. Lipid raft facilitated receptor organization and signaling: a functional rheostat in embryonic development, stem cell biology and cancer. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 19, 2\u201325 (2023).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10562_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12744","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1274462","volume":"11","author":"F Santilli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santilli, F. et al. Lipid rafts mediate multilineage differentiation of human dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs). Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 12744 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10562_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01185.x","volume":"10","author":"M Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, M. & Hajishengallis, G. Lipid raft-dependent uptake, signalling and intracellular fate of Porphyromonas gingivalis in mouse macrophages. Cell Microbiol. 10, 2029\u20132042 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00161-12","volume":"80","author":"A Elmi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elmi, A. et al. Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicles play an important role in bacterial interactions with human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 80, 4089\u20134098 (2012).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdev.2021.203713","volume":"168","author":"RR Kay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kay, R. R. Macropinocytosis: biology and mechanisms. Cells Dev. 168, 203713 (2021).","journal-title":"Cells Dev."},{"key":"10562_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00858-8","volume":"16","author":"JJ Rennick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rennick, J. J. et al. Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and nanoparticle therapeutics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 266\u2013276 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10562_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000037","volume":"4","author":"RJ Cain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cain, R. J. et al. Deciphering interplay between Salmonella invasion effectors. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000037 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00038","volume":"6","author":"SA Killackey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Killackey, S. A. et al. Cellular aspects of Shigella pathogenesis: focus on the manipulation of host cell processes. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol 6, 38 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"10562_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2017.05.007","volume":"127","author":"S K\u00fchn","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u00fchn, S. et al. Imaging macropinosomes during Shigella infections. Methods 127, 12\u201322 (2017).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10562_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155164","volume":"320","author":"J Mercer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mercer, J. & Helenius, A. Vaccinia virus uses macropinocytosis and apoptotic mimicry to enter host cells. Science 320, 531\u2013535 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10562_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031253","volume":"377","author":"J Rejman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rejman, J. et al. Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Biochem J. 377, 159\u2013169 (2004).","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"10562_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1021\/nn9012274","volume":"3","author":"Z Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Size and dynamics of caveolae studied using nanoparticles in living endothelial cells. ACS Nano 3, 4110\u20134116 (2009).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10562_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.add2376","volume":"14","author":"HP Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, H. P. et al. Receptor-independent fluid-phase macropinocytosis promotes arterial foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eadd2376 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10562_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000382","volume":"5","author":"JM Bomberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bomberger, J. M. et al. Long-distance delivery of bacterial virulence factors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane vesicles. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000382 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00057","volume":"11","author":"EJ Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones, E. J. et al. The uptake, trafficking, and biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron generated outer membrane vesicles. Front. Microbiol. 11, 57 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11410","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01645","volume":"95","author":"H Hirose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirose, H. et al. Macropinoscope: real-time simultaneous tracking of pH and cathepsin B activity in individual macropinosomes. Anal. Chem. 95, 11410\u201311419 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10562_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c11679","volume":"146","author":"PD Sambre","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sambre, P. D. et al. Intravesicular solute delivery and surface area regulation in giant unilamellar vesicles driven by cycles of osmotic stresses. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 3250\u20133261 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10562_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1037758","volume":"13","author":"M Maekawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maekawa, M. et al. Functional significance of ion channels during macropinosome resolution in immune cells. Front. Physiol. 13, 1037758 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10562_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf951","volume":"53","author":"J Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Dam-dependent epigenetic memory regulates prophage reintegration in Salmonella. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, gkaf951 (2025).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10562_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084681","volume":"9","author":"LA Knodler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knodler, L. A. et al. Quantitative assessment of cytosolic Salmonella in epithelial cells. PLoS One 9, e84681 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10562_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005602","volume":"12","author":"A Weiner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weiner, A. et al. Macropinosomes are key players in early Shigella invasion and vacuolar escape in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005602 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58676-8","volume":"16","author":"Q Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Specific labeling of outer membrane vesicles with antibiotic-conjugated probe reveals early bacterial infections in blood. Nat. Commun. 16, 3535 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12395","volume":"12","author":"Z Ou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ou, Z. et al. Single-particle analysis of circulating bacterial extracellular vesicles reveals their biogenesis, changes in blood and links to intestinal barrier. J. Extracell. Vesicles 12, e12395 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"10562_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01036-7","volume":"20","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Intricacies of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol. Immunol. 20, 1002\u20131022 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2024.2427656","volume":"51","author":"C Leiva-Sabadini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leiva-Sabadini, C. et al. Extracellular vesicle production by oral bacteria related to dental caries and periodontal disease: role in microbe-host and interspecies interactions. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 51, 823\u2013840 (2025).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2024.100817","volume":"5","author":"W Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan, W. et al. Suppression of host plant defense by bacterial small RNAs packaged in outer membrane vesicles. Plant Commun. 5, 100817 (2024).","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.11.014","volume":"377","author":"D Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su, D. et al. Gut commensal bacteria Parabacteroides goldsteinii-derived outer membrane vesicles suppress skin inflammation in psoriasis. J. Control Release 377, 127\u2013145 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"10562_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3837","volume":"15","author":"M Kaparakis-Liaskos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaparakis-Liaskos, M. & Ferrero, R. L. Immune modulation by bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 375\u2013387 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.5.18091","volume":"2","author":"H Bielig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bielig, H. et al. A role for quorum sensing in regulating innate immune responses mediated by Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Gut Microbes 2, 274\u2013279 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10562_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801082","volume":"8","author":"G Go","year":"2019","unstructured":"Go, G. et al. Extracellular vesicle-mimetic ghost nanovesicles for delivering anti-inflammatory drugs to mitigate gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicle-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Adv. Health. Mater. 8, e1801082 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Health. Mater."},{"key":"10562_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1157813","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. The role and mechanisms of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles in inflammatory diseases. Front. Immunol. 14, 1157813 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02706","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02706-20","volume":"12","author":"MA Engevik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Engevik, M. A. et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum secretes outer membrane vesicles and promotes intestinal inflammation. mBio 12, e02706\u2013e02720 (2021).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00023-23","volume":"91","author":"V Solanki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solanki, V. et al. Investigation of peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein of acinetobacter baumannii and its interaction with fibronectin to find its therapeutic potential. Infect. Immun. 91, e0002323 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.001","volume":"15","author":"AT Irving","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irving, A. T. et al. The immune receptor NOD1 and kinase RIP2 interact with bacterial peptidoglycan on early endosomes to promote autophagy and inflammatory signaling. Cell Host Microbe 15, 623\u2013635 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10562_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1443.021","volume":"1143","author":"GJ Martinez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martinez, G. J. et al. Regulation and function of proinflammatory TH17 cells. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 1143, 188\u2013211 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10562_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202500874","volume":"31","author":"L Vasseur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasseur, L. et al. Interaction of an Acinetobacter baumannii\u2019s membrane protein with human fibronectin to evade immune response. Chemistry 31, e00874 (2025).","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"10562_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033073","volume":"7","author":"Y Smani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smani, Y. et al. Role of fibronectin in the adhesion of Acinetobacter baumannii to host cells. PLoS One 7, e33073 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10562_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-025-01147-5","volume":"32","author":"MH Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh, M. H. et al. AbOmpA in Acinetobacter baumannii: exploring virulence mechanisms of outer membrane-integrated and outer membrane vesicle-associated AbOmpA and developing anti-infective agents targeting AbOmpA. J. Biomed. Sci. 32, 53 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10562_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00446.x","volume":"54","author":"SA Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, S. A. et al. Global gene expression patterns and induction of innate immune response in human laryngeal epithelial cells in response to Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein A. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 54, 45\u201352 (2008).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.02.012","volume":"74","author":"JS Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, J. S. et al. Outer membrane protein A of Acinetobacter baumannii induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells toward a Th1 polarizing phenotype through the activation of dendritic cells. Biochem. Pharm. 74, 86\u201397 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"10562_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071751","volume":"8","author":"SH Jun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jun, S. H. et al. Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane vesicles elicit a potent innate immune response via membrane proteins. PLoS One 8, e71751 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10562_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01115-23","volume":"11","author":"HB Thapa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thapa, H. B. et al. Characterization of the inflammatory response evoked by bacterial membrane vesicles in intestinal cells reveals an RIPK2-dependent activation by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vesicles. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e0111523 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02706-20","volume":"12","author":"MA Engevik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Engevik, M. A. et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum secretes outer membrane vesicles and promotes intestinal inflammation. mBio 12, e02706-20 (2021).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10562_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.815638","volume":"13","author":"G Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, G. et al. Outer membrane vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum switch M0-like macrophages toward the M1 phenotype to destroy periodontal tissues in mice. Front. Microbiol. 13, 815638 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.018","volume":"31","author":"M Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong, M. et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum aggravates rheumatoid arthritis through FadA-containing outer membrane vesicles. Cell Host Microbe 31, 798\u2013810.e7 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10562_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01365-15","volume":"84","author":"A Mondal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mondal, A. et al. Cytotoxic and inflammatory responses induced by outer membrane vesicle-associated biologically active proteases from Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 84, 1478\u20131490 (2016).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10562_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222375399","volume":"99","author":"H Higashi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higashi, H. et al. Biological activity of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14428\u201314433 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10562_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150061","volume":"11","author":"CC Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, C. C. et al. Fragmentation of CagA reduces hummingbird phenotype induction by Helicobacter pylori. PloS One 11, e0150061 (2016).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10562_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.08.001","volume":"14","author":"A Guichard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guichard, A. et al. Cholera toxin disrupts barrier function by inhibiting exocyst-mediated trafficking of host proteins to intestinal cell junctions. Cell Host Microbe 14, 294\u2013305 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10562_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45524-4","volume":"15","author":"K Rochon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rochon, K. et al. Structural basis for regulated assembly of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Nat. Commun. 15, 1328 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006945","volume":"14","author":"P Deo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deo, P. et al. Outer membrane vesicles from Neisseria gonorrhoeae target PorB to mitochondria and induce apoptosis. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1006945 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10562_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84650","volume":"13","author":"PP Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, P. P. et al. Outer membrane vesicles derived from gut microbiota mediate tubulointerstitial inflammation: a potential new mechanism for diabetic kidney disease. Theranostics 13, 3988\u20134003 (2023).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10562_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.06.032","volume":"167","author":"H Dorner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dorner, H. et al. Gut pathobiont-derived outer membrane vesicles drive liver inflammation and fibrosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 167, 1183\u20131197.e16 (2024).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10562_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.03.008","volume":"15","author":"D Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian, D. et al. Bacterial extracellular vesicles for gut microbiome-host communication and drug development. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 15, 1816\u20131840 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10562_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04579-6","volume":"62","author":"S Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei, S. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease-derived outer membrane vesicles exacerbate cognitive dysfunction, modulate the gut microbiome, and increase neuroinflammation and amyloid-\u03b2 production. Mol. Neurobiol. 62, 5109\u20135132 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10562_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00881-2","volume":"8","author":"KE Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, K. E. et al. The extracellular vesicle of gut microbial Paenalcaligenes hominis is a risk factor for vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment. Microbiome 8, 107 (2020).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10562_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16460","volume":"528","author":"CA Lindemans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindemans, C. A. et al. Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration. Nature 528, 560\u2013564 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10562_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114292","volume":"43","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Commensal bacterial outer membrane protein A induces interleukin-22 production. Cell Rep. 43, 114292 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10562_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.970725","volume":"13","author":"WJ Gilmore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilmore, W. J. et al. Bacteroides fragilis outer membrane vesicles preferentially activate innate immune receptors compared to their parent bacteria. Front. Immunol. 13, 970725 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10562_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1344810","volume":"9","author":"JK Maerz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maerz, J. K. et al. Outer membrane vesicles blebbing contributes to Bacteroides vulgatus mpk-mediated immune response silencing. Gut Microbes 9, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10562_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500781","volume":"12","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Bacteroides Fragilis-derived outer membrane vesicles deliver MiR-5119 and alleviate colitis by targeting PD-L1 to inhibit GSDMD-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Adv. Sci. 12, e00781 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10562_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00400-9","volume":"9","author":"N Mandelbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mandelbaum, N. et al. Extracellular vesicles of the Gram-positive gut symbiont Bifidobacterium longum induce immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory effects. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 9, 30 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"10562_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade5079","volume":"9","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Versatility of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in regulating intestinal homeostasis. Sci. Adv. 9, eade5079 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10562_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00636-24","volume":"12","author":"OY Shagaleeva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shagaleeva, O. Y. et al. Bacteroides vesicles promote functional alterations in the gut microbiota composition. Microbiol. Spectr. 12, e0063624 (2024).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10562_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219763","volume":"14","author":"J Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, J. et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917-derived outer membrane vesicles modulate the intestinal microbiome and host gut-liver metabolome in obese and diabetic mice. Front. Microbiol. 14, 1219763 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00676-z","volume":"11","author":"N Pitt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pitt, N. et al. Bacterial membrane vesicles restore gut anaerobiosis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 11, 48 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"10562_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.04.031","volume":"323","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a platform for biomedical applications: an update. J. Control Release 323, 253\u2013268 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"10562_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22308-8","volume":"12","author":"K Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, K. et al. Bioengineered bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles as a versatile antigen display platform for tumor vaccination via Plug-and-Display technology. Nat. Commun. 12, 2041 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, M. A. et al., A modular vaccine platform enabled by decoration of bacterial outer membrane vesicles with biotinylated antigens. Nat. Commun. 14, 464 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36101-2"},{"key":"10562_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603940103","volume":"103","author":"MM Giuliani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giuliani, M. M. et al. A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10834\u201310839 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10562_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-023-00627-0","volume":"38","author":"F Micoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Micoli, F. et al. Outer membrane vesicle vaccine platforms. BioDrugs 38, 47\u201359 (2024).","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10562_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1381810","volume":"14","author":"H Petousis-Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petousis-Harris, H. Impact of meningococcal group B OMV vaccines, beyond their brief. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 14, 1058\u20131063 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"10562_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400395","volume":"10","author":"L van der Pol","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Pol, L. et al. Outer membrane vesicles as platform vaccine technology. Biotechnol. J. 10, 1689\u20131706 (2015).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10562_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00968-21","volume":"87","author":"H Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian, H. et al. Outer membrane vesicles derived from Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium can deliver Shigella flexneri 2a O-polysaccharide antigen to prevent Shigella flexneri 2a infection in mice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87, e00968-21 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10562_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.035","volume":"86","author":"SL Higham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higham, S. L. et al. Intranasal immunization with outer membrane vesicles (OMV) protects against airway colonization and systemic infection with Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Infect. 86, 563\u2013573 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10562_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1284515","volume":"10","author":"R Di Benedetto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Benedetto, R. et al. Comparison of Shigella GMMA and glycoconjugate four-component formulations in animals. Front. Mol. Biosci. 10, 1284515 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10562_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24931","volume":"6","author":"NL Price","year":"2016","unstructured":"Price, N. L. et al. Glycoengineered outer membrane vesicles: a novel platform for bacterial vaccines. Sci. Rep. 6, 24931 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10562_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.001","volume":"29","author":"MJ McConnell","year":"2011","unstructured":"McConnell, M. J. et al. Outer membrane vesicles as an acellular vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii. Vaccine 29, 5705\u20135710 (2011).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10562_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38679-z","volume":"14","author":"W Ban","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ban, W. et al. Engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles encapsulating oncolytic adenoviruses enhance the efficacy of cancer virotherapy by augmenting tumor cell autophagy. Nat. Commun. 14, 2933 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10562_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00886-2","volume":"6","author":"Y Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue, Y. et al. Antigen-bearing outer membrane vesicles as tumour vaccines produced in situ by ingested genetically engineered bacteria. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 898\u2013909 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10562_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00713-7","volume":"17","author":"X Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Nanocarriers based on bacterial membrane materials for cancer vaccine delivery. Nat. Protoc. 17, 2240\u20132274 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10562_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403460121","volume":"121","author":"S Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, S. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicle nanorobot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2403460121 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10562_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01726-25","volume":"91","author":"J Min","year":"2025","unstructured":"Min, J. et al. Sphingolipid-mediated vesiculation in multidrug-resistant Sphingobacterium detergens under polymyxin B stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 91, e0172625 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10562-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10562-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10562-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:03:26Z","timestamp":1782713006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10562-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-10562-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"863"}}