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Averaging across participants can obscure age-specific organization and person-to-person differences, particularly in slowly developing association cortices. We developed an age-appropriate functional reference that captured common structure across toddlers without averaging away individual variability, enabling estimation of each child\u2019s networks from resting-state fMRI.\u00a0Across cohorts of 8-60-month-old children, we found individualized network organization-including finer-scale subdivisions and emerging language lateralization\u00a0well before age five. Network layouts showed longitudinal stability, with greater consistency in sensory than association regions. Within-network connectivity was stronger and explained age-related variance when networks were defined using individualized rather than group-consensus topography. Left-lateralization of language networks tracked age-normalized verbal ability, linking early functional architecture to emerging cognition. These findings show that behaviorally relevant brain networks arise far earlier than previously recognized, providing a foundation for studying typical development and early biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10599-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:23:35Z","timestamp":1783401815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Commonality and variability in functional networks in children under 5 years old"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin Cindy","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor K. 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