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Its resilience is mainly attributed to antibiotic resistance and tolerance mechanisms related to persistence. Here we investigate how two infection-relevant conditions, milk and serum, shape\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenic properties and capacity to withstand environmental stresses. Milk-\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    serum-grown bacteria show gross differences in envelope physical properties, membrane fatty acid composition and rigidity, and pigment production, and display distinct proteomic profiles. Compared to growth in serum,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    grown in milk exhibits extreme resistance to ROS damage, marked antimicrobial tolerance, and accelerated killing in a larval infection model. High level\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    pigmentation in whole milk is stimulated by milk lipids, and is responsible for high ROS resistance. The remarkable robustness of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a milk biotope may signal the need to adjust antibiotic regimens when treating mastitis infections in humans and livestock.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10771-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:02:30Z","timestamp":1790845350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biotope-dependent resistance to reactive oxygen species, antibiotic tolerance, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5585-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"L\u00e9guillier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Gloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majd","family":"Khalife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle","family":"D\u2019Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Minic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9740-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Sentic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Catto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3543-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"P\u00e9choux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7737-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Truchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9061-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Gaudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9335-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Nielsen-Leroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Heddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7426-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Vidic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","volume":"339","author":"FD Lowy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lowy, F. 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