{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:15:44Z","timestamp":1790079344034,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The plant-derived biopolymer pectin has been explored as sealant in lung surgery. Interpenetration of pectin\u2019s heteropolysaccharide chains with sugar-chains on components of the mesothelial glycocalyx is thought to mediate adhesion. To visualize a potential adhesion complex, we first establish a method to preserve pectin ultrastructure by limiting hydration during sample preparation for electron microscopy. Depending on actual hydration states and pectic domains selected we find distinct morphologies: Citrus pectic polysaccharides, combining both, smooth homogalacturonan and hairy rhamnogalacturonan domains, form a loose network of thin filaments. Rhamnogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan domains from soy show a denser mesh, while pectic galactan from potato or pectic arabinan from sugar beet display more globular aspects. As proof of concept, we finally apply the filamentous lemon pectin to the surface of murine lung in a surgical setting. Ultrastructural visualization of the sealant-tissue assembly shows tight association between the carbohydrate fibers, possibly driven by polymer-typical chain interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10872-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:37:35Z","timestamp":1790077055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant heteropolysaccharides and their bioadhesion to animal glycocalyx visualized at the nanoscale"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2993-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Wacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willi","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Curticean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Schoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endre","family":"Majorovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Mentzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0462-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Bunzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6410-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus R.","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10872_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03674-w","volume":"28","author":"H Hadi Seddiqi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadi Seddiqi, H. et al. Cellulose and its derivatives: towards biomedical applications. Cellulose 28, 1893\u20131931 (2021).","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"10872_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2024.100775","volume":"R 159","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, Y. et al. Biofunctional chitosan\u2013biopolymer composites for biomedical applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 159, 100775 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10872_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.088","volume":"185","author":"D Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Pectin in biomedical and drug delivery applications: a review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 185, 49\u201365 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10872_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.016","volume":"217","author":"R Eivazzadeh-Keihan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eivazzadeh-Keihan, R. et al. Recent advances on biomedical applications of pectin-containing biomaterials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 217, 1\u201318 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10872_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.05.065","volume":"86","author":"BM Yapo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yapo, B. M. Pectic substances: from simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins - A new hypothetical model. Carbohydr. Polym. 86, 373\u2013385 (2011).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10872_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.03.006","volume":"11","author":"D Mohnen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mohnen, D. Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol 11, 266\u2013277 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol"},{"key":"10872_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c07460","volume":"71","author":"H Eichh\u00f6fer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eichh\u00f6fer, H. et al. Influence of arabinan fine structure, galacturonan backbone length, and degree of esterification on the emulsifying properties of acid-extracted sugar beet pectins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 71, 2105\u20132112 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10872_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.002","volume":"51","author":"F Munarin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munarin, F., Tanzi, M. C. & Petrini, P. Advances in biomedical applications of pectin gels. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51, 681\u2013689 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10872_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.01.011","volume":"100","author":"S Mansuri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansuri, S., Kesharwani, P., Jain, K., Tekade, R. K. & Jain, N. K. Mucoadhesion: a promising approach in drug delivery system. React. Funct. Polym. 100, 151\u2013172 (2016).","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"10872_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0042","volume":"24","author":"AB Servais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Servais, A. B. et al. Structural heteropolysaccharide adhesion to the glycocalyx of visceral mesothelium. Tissue Eng. A 24, 199\u2013206 (2018).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A"},{"key":"10872_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0299","volume":"24","author":"AB Servais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Servais, A. B. et al. Functional mechanics of a pectin-based pleural sealant after lung injury. Tissue Eng. A. 24, 695\u2013702 (2018).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A."},{"key":"10872_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34175","volume":"107B","author":"AB Servais","year":"2019","unstructured":"Servais, A. B. et al. Structural heteropolysaccharides as air-tight sealants of the human pleura. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 107B, 799\u2013806 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10872_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0300655","volume":"5","author":"ML Fishman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fishman, M. L., Cooke, P. H. & Coffin, D. R. Nanostructure of native pectin sugar acid gels visualized by atomic force microscopy. Biomacromolecules 5, 334\u2013341 (2004).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10872_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1021\/bm020044v","volume":"3","author":"C L\u00f6fgren","year":"2002","unstructured":"L\u00f6fgren, C., Walkenstr\u00f6m, P. & Hermansson, A. Microstructure and rheological behavior of pure and mixed pectin gels. Biomacromolecules 3, 1144\u20131153 (2002).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10872_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050459r","volume":"7","author":"C L\u00f6fgren","year":"2006","unstructured":"L\u00f6fgren, C., Guillotin, S. & Hermansson, A. Microstructure and kinetic rheological behavior of amidated and nonamidated LM pectin gels. Biomacromolecules 7, 114\u2013121 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10872_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01773","volume":"19","author":"P Hernandez-Cerdan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez-Cerdan, P., Mansel, B. W., Leis, A., Lundin, L. & Williams, M. A. K. Structural analysis of polysaccharide networks by transmission electron microscopy: comparison with small-angle X\u2011ray scattering. Biomacromolecules 19, 989\u2013995 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10872_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.04.035","volume":"50","author":"L M\u00f6ckl","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00f6ckl, L. et al. Quantitative super-resolution microscopy of the mammalian glycocalyx. Dev. Cell 50, 57\u201372 (2019).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"10872_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238798","volume":"15","author":"WL Wagner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagner, W. L. et al. Mesopolysaccharides: the extracellular surface layer of visceral organs. PLoS ONE 15, e0238798 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10872_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32716-z","volume":"13","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. CryoFIB milling large tissue samples for cryo\u2011electron tomography. Sci. Rep. 13, 5879 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10872_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02113-5","volume":"21","author":"OH Schi\u00f8tz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schi\u00f8tz, O. H. et al. Serial Lift-Out: sampling the molecular anatomy of whole organisms. Nat. Methods 21, 1684\u20131692 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10872_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02384-6","volume":"21","author":"HTD Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen, H. T. D. et al. Serialized on-grid lift-in sectioning for tomography (SOLIST) enables a biopsy at the nanoscale. Nat. Methods 21, 1693\u20131701 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10872_CR22","unstructured":"Hayat, M. A. Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy - Biological Applications (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000)."},{"key":"10872_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0282(200103)58:3<279::AID-BIP1005>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"58","author":"MMH Huisman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huisman, M. M. H. et al. The CDTA-soluble pectic substances from soybean meal are composed of rhamnogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan but not homogalacturonan. Biopolymers 58, 279\u2013294 (2001).","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"10872_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-022-04060-5","volume":"248","author":"A Trabert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trabert, A., Schmid, V., Keller, J., Emin, M. A. & Bunzel, M. Chemical composition and technofunctional properties of carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pulp as affected by thermomechanical treatment. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 248, 2451\u20132470 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"10872_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-020-03562-4","volume":"246","author":"J Schaefer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schaefer, J., Hale, J., Hoffmann, C. M. & Bunzel, M. Mechanical properties and compositional characteristics of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties and their response to nitrogen application. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 246, 2135\u20132146 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"10872_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(92)90170-V","volume":"18","author":"C-M Lehr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lehr, C.-M. et al. Visualization studies of the mucoadhesive interface. J. Control. Release 18, 249\u2013260 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10872_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.485314","volume":"14","author":"M Floess","year":"2023","unstructured":"Floess, M. et al. 3D stimulated Raman spectral imaging of water dynamics associated with pectin-glycocalyceal entanglement. Biomed. Opt. Express 14, 1460\u20131471 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10872_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00253","volume":"8","author":"L M\u00f6ckl","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00f6ckl, L. The emerging role of the mammalian glycocalyx in functional membrane organization and immune system regulation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 253 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10872_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R508","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00340.2020","volume":"320","author":"KH Moore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore, K. H., Murphy, H. A. & George, E. M. The glycocalyx: a central regulator of vascular function. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 320, R508\u2013R518 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10872_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781e790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.07.022","volume":"190","author":"G Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, G., Tiemeier, G. L., van den Berg, B. M. & Rabelink, T. J. Endothelial glycocalyx hyaluronan regulation and role in prevention of diabetic complications. Am. J. Pathol. 190, 781e790 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10872_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9127","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00618A","volume":"51","author":"H Montazerian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montazerian, H. et al. Bio-macromolecular design roadmap towards tough bioadhesives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51, 9127\u20139173 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10872_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.10.021","volume":"137","author":"C Jumelle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jumelle, C. et al. Development and characterization of a hydrogel-based adhesive patch for sealing open-globe injuries. Acta Biomaterialia 137, 53\u201363 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"key":"10872_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122240","volume":"301","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. Hemostatic patch with ultra-strengthened mechanical properties for efficient adhesion to wet surfaces. Biomaterials 301, 122240 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10872_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36811","volume":"108","author":"A Pierce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierce, A. et al. Pectin biopolymer mechanics and microstructure associated with polysaccharide phase transitions. J. Biol. Mat. Res. Part A 108, 246\u2013253 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Mat. Res. Part A"},{"key":"10872_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90520-H","volume":"207","author":"GA De Ruiter","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Ruiter, G. A., Schols, H. A., Voragen, A. G. J. & Rombouts, F. M. Carbohydrate analysis of water-soluble uronic acid-containing polysaccharides with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using methanolysis combined with TFA hydrolysis is superior to four other methods. Anal. Biochem. 207, 176\u2013185 (1992).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10872_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8838","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c02967","volume":"69","author":"J Steck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steck, J., Kaufhold, L. & Bunzel, M. Structural profiling of xyloglucans from food plants by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with parallel pulsed amperometric and mass spectrometric detection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 69, 8838\u20138849 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10872_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123816","volume":"365","author":"J Braun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Braun, J. & Bunzel, M. Quantification of total uronic acids in pectin-containing samples using a stable isotope dilution approach and LC-MS. Carbohydr. Polym. 365, 123818 (2025).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10872_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9081","DOI":"10.1021\/jf502679s","volume":"62","author":"J M\u00fcller-Maatsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Maatsch, J., Caligiani, A., Tedeschi, T., Elst, K. & Sforza, S. Simple and validated quantitative 1H NMR method for the determination of methylation, acetylation, and feruloylation degree of pectin. J. Agric.Food Chem. 62, 9081\u20139087 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Agric.Food Chem."},{"key":"10872_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6989","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070646b","volume":"55","author":"D Gniechwitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gniechwitz, D., Reichardt, N., Blaut, M., Steinhart, H. & Bunzel, M. Dietary fiber from coffee beverage: degradation by human fecal microbiota. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 6989\u20136996 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10872_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)82604-X","volume":"40","author":"DP Sweet","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sweet, D. P., Shapiro, R. H. & Albersheim, P. Quantitative analysis by various G.L.C. response-factor theories for partially methylated and partially ethylated alditol acetates. Carbohydr. Res. 40, 217\u2013225 (1975).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"10872_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038011","volume":"7","author":"A Cardona","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cardona, A. et al. TrakEM2 software for neural circuit reconstruction. PLoS ONE 7, e38011 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10872_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676\u2013682 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10872_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","volume":"25","author":"EF Pettersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pettersen, E. F. et al. UCSF Chimera\u2014a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J. Comput. Chem. 25, 1605\u20131612 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"10872_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Source data for graphs in SI and raw image data can be found under https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11588\/DATA\/5LW3JS.","DOI":"10.11588\/DATA\/5LW3JS"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10872-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10872-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10872-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:51:38Z","timestamp":1790077898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-026-10872-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-026-10872-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"1238"}}