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We addressed this knowledge gap for bumblebees, key pollinators that face alarming population declines, using a controlled in vitro approach. We exposed\n                    <jats:italic>Bombus terrestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    pupae to cyclic thermal stress to evaluate emergence success, adult longevity, and morphological traits. Cyclic thermal stress caused significant acute pupal mortality (up to 30% reduced emergence) and, crucially, deferred mortality, significantly reducing adult longevity (hazard ratio, HR\u2009=\u20092.00) in both workers and males. Rearing in vitro at 34\u00b0C showed no significant difference compared to individuals that developed naturally in their natal colony (HR\u2009=\u20090.95). Antennal and wing deformations served as powerful hazard indicators (HR\u2009=\u20092.38) for premature adult mortality. Our findings reveal that cyclic thermal stress during pupal development imposes irreversible developmental damage, undermining adult physiological resilience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10940-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:02:47Z","timestamp":1790326967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cyclic thermal stress during pupation triggers irreversible carry-over effects in a key pollinator"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2245-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian M.","family":"Mandlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9444-4846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Kurze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247579","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247579","volume":"344","author":"RA Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia, R. 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