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However, several barrier structures, including circumventricular organs, can be breached by pathogens. Here, we show that Cochlin, an extracellular matrix-binding protein with anti-bacterial properties, is produced in barrier structures and contributes to immune defence. Transcriptome analysis and in situ hybridisation indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>cochlin<\/jats:italic>\n                    is expressed in the pineal gland, area postrema, choroid plexus and discrete regions of the meninges of zebrafish, mice and humans. The protein is present in the cerebrospinal fluid, and on the surface of ventricle and meninges.\n                    <jats:italic>Cochlin<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression increases in the brain of infected animals and patients, and delivery of recombinant Cochlin reduces bacterial load in zebrafish infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mutation of\n                    <jats:italic>cochlin<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibits clearance of bacteria from the brain of zebrafish, and this is reversed by supplying the domain of Cochlin that is implicated in immunity. Barrier tissues thus contribute to brain defence by secreting Cochlin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10957-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:34:33Z","timestamp":1789562073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain defence by the extracellular matrix protein Cochlin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Raghumoy","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inyoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi","family":"Rajamannar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Jurisch-Yaksi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernett Teck Kwong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Jesuthasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-102319-103410","volume":"38","author":"K Alves De Lima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alves De Lima, K., Rustenhoven, J. & Kipnis, J. 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