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We demonstrate boxcar-enhanced Fluorescence-detected mid-Infrared photothermaL Microscopy (FILM), using two model species,\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , to quantitatively resolve these protein states in vivo by imaging \u03b2-sheet and \u03b1-helix secondary structures and analyzing their ratios. This method directly distinguishes polyglutamine (PolyQ) protein aggregates, \u03b1-synuclein protein condensates, and P-granule condensates implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and embryonic development in live organisms. It further enables the unraveling of protein assembly dynamics and their physio-pathological roles, such as age-related progression of PolyQ from condensates to aggregates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-026-01970-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:46:07Z","timestamp":1778499967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resolving protein condensates and aggregates in vivo by boxcar-enhanced Fluorescence-detected mid-Infrared photothermaL Microscopy (FILM)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bethany","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianpeng","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-3073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaze","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangrui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Blute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Savini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Chiesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6367-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5607-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1066","volume":"10","author":"CA Ross","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ross, C. 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