{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:12:45Z","timestamp":1790874765445,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007185","name":"UC | University of California, Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Metab"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0189-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1586779368000},"page":"351-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Hypothalamic oestrogen receptor alpha establishes a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Edward","family":"van Veen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura G.","family":"Kammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Bunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Shum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle S.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan G.","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9464-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas V.","family":"Arneson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae W.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Hrncir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Liesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur P.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3971-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6221-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.25","volume":"32","author":"JC Lovejoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C. M., de Jonge, L., Xie, H. & Smith, S. R. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J. Obes. (Lond.) 32, 949\u2013958 (2008).","journal-title":"Int J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1925.71.2.362","volume":"71","author":"JR Slonaker","year":"1925","unstructured":"Slonaker, J. R. The effect of copulation, pregnancy, pseudopregnancy and lactation on the voluntary activity and food consumption of the albino rat. Am. J. Physiol. 71, 362\u2013394 (1925).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-40-2-65","volume":"40","author":"JR Brobeck","year":"1947","unstructured":"Brobeck, J. R., Wheatland, M. & Strominger, J. L. Variations in regulation of energy exchange associated with estrus, diestrus and pseudopregnancy in rats. Endocrinology 40, 65\u201372 (1947).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.09.001","volume":"167","author":"C Kopp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kopp, C., Ressel, V., Wigger, E. & Tobler, I. Influence of estrus cycle and ageing on activity patterns in two inbred mouse strains. Behav. Brain Res. 167, 165\u2013174 (2006).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904747106","volume":"106","author":"LE Olofsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Olofsson, L. E., Pierce, A. A. & Xu, A. W. Functional requirement of AgRP and NPY neurons in ovarian cycle-dependent regulation of food intake. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15932\u201315937 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9164-6","volume":"33","author":"M Sanchez-Alavez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanchez-Alavez, M., Alboni, S. & Conti, B. Sex- and age-specific differences in core body temperature of C57Bl\/6 mice. Age (Dordr.) 33, 89\u201399 (2011).","journal-title":"Age (Dordr.)"},{"key":"189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.23.12729","volume":"97","author":"PA Heine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heine, P. A., Taylor, J. A., Iwamoto, G. A., Lubahn, D. B. & Cooke, P. S. Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-\u0251 knockout mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12729\u201312734 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41702","volume":"121","author":"CJ Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park, C. J. et al. Genetic rescue of nonclassical ER\u0251 signaling normalizes energy balance in obese Er\u0251-null mutant mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 604\u2013612 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.009","volume":"14","author":"Y Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Distinct hypothalamic neurons mediate estrogenic effects on energy homeostasis and reproduction. Cell Metab. 14, 453\u2013465 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"189_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","volume":"280","author":"S Hulley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hulley, S. et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 280, 605\u2013613 (1998).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","volume":"288","author":"Writing Group for the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Investigators.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Writing Group for the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women\u2019s health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 321\u2013333 (2002).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E632","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00281.2013","volume":"305","author":"AW Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, A. W., Bosch, M. A., Wagner, E. J., R\u00f8nnekleiv, O. K. & Kelly, M. J. The membrane estrogen receptor ligand STX rapidly enhances GABAergic signaling in NPY\/AgRP neurons: role in mediating the anorexigenic effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 305, E632\u2013E640 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.03.031","volume":"20","author":"PB Martinez de Morentin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez de Morentin, P. B. et al. Estradiol regulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via hypothalamic AMPK. Cell Metab. 20, 41\u201353 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08046-4","volume":"10","author":"CB Herber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herber, C. B. et al. Estrogen signaling in arcuate Kiss1 neurons suppresses a sex-dependent female circuit promoting dense strong bones. Nat. Commun. 10, 163 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1215","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00446.2012","volume":"305","author":"L Asarian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asarian, L. & Geary, N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 305, R1215\u2013R1267 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.11.011","volume":"133","author":"HM Rivera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivera, H. M. & Stincic, T. L. Estradiol and the control of feeding behavior. Steroids 133, 44\u201352 (2018).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610787104","volume":"104","author":"S Musatov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Musatov, S. et al. Silencing of estrogen receptor \u0251 in the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus leads to metabolic syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 2501\u20132506 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.011","volume":"10","author":"SM Correa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Correa, S. M. et al. An estrogen-responsive module in the ventromedial hypothalamus selectively drives sex-specific activity in females. Cell Rep. 10, 62\u201374 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4644","volume":"20","author":"K Hashikawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hashikawa, K. et al. Esr1+ cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus control female aggression. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1580 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09736","volume":"470","author":"D Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin, D. et al. Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature 470, 221\u2013226 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13169","volume":"509","author":"H Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H. et al. Scalable control of mounting and attack by Esr1+ neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nature 509, 627\u2013632 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.017","volume":"153","author":"CF Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, C. F. et al. Sexually dimorphic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus govern mating in both sexes and aggression in males. Cell 153, 896\u2013909 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.078","volume":"26","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Hypothalamic control of conspecific self-defense. Cell Rep. 26, 1747\u20131758.e5 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3573","volume":"16","author":"BA Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silva, B. A. et al. Independent hypothalamic circuits for social and predator fear. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1731\u20131733 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23885","volume":"550","author":"R Remedios","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remedios, R. et al. Social behaviour shapes hypothalamic neural ensemble representations of conspecific sex. Nature 550, 388\u2013392 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.047","volume":"164","author":"K Narita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Narita, K., Murata, T. & Matsuoka, S. The ventromedial hypothalamus oxytocin induces locomotor behavior regulated by estrogen. Physiol. Behav. 164, 107\u2013112 (2016).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krause, W. C. et al. Estrogen drives melanocortin neurons to reduce sedentary behavior. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/794792 (2019).","DOI":"10.1101\/794792"},{"key":"189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.02.008","volume":"32","author":"LM Flanagan-Cato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flanagan-Cato, L. M. Sex differences in the neural circuit that mediates female sexual receptivity. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 32, 124\u2013136 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.04.015","volume":"38","author":"T Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, T. & Shah, N. M. Molecular and neural control of sexually dimorphic social behaviors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 38, 89\u201395 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"189_CR30","unstructured":"Krause, W. C. & Ingraham, H. A. in Sex and Gender Factors Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis, Diabetes and Obesity (ed. Mauvais-Jarvis, F.) 199\u2013213 (Springer International Publishing, 2017)."},{"key":"189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12801","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12801","volume":"32","author":"LG Kammel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kammel, L. G. & Correa, S. M. Selective sexual differentiation of neurone populations may contribute to sex-specific outputs of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 32, e12801 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.12.021","volume":"49","author":"H Dhillon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dhillon, H. et al. Leptin directly activates SF1 neurons in the VMH, and this action by leptin is required for normal body-weight homeostasis. Neuron 49, 191\u2013203 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2467","volume":"13","author":"L Madisen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Madisen, L. et al. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 133\u2013140 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23226","volume":"521","author":"CC Cheung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheung, C. C., Kurrasch, D. M., Liang, J. K. & Ingraham, H. A. Genetic labeling of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) neurons in mice reveals ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) circuitry beginning at neurogenesis and development of a separate non-SF-1 neuronal cluster in the ventrolateral VMH. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1268\u20131288 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"189_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90106-P","volume":"4","author":"M Sheng","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sheng, M. & Greenberg, M. E. The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous system. Neuron 4, 477\u2013485 (1990).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.026","volume":"96","author":"YE Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, Y. E., Pan, L., Zuo, Y., Li, X. & Hong, W. Detecting activated cell populations using single-cell RNA-seq. Neuron 96, 313\u2013329.e6 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"189_CR37","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"LJP Van der Maaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van der Maaten, L. J. P. & Hinton, G. E. Visualizing high-dimensional data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579\u20132605 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"189_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.08.001","volume":"236","author":"B Mwangi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mwangi, B., Soares, J. C. & Hasan, K. M. Visualization and unsupervised predictive clustering of high-dimensional multimodal neuroimaging data. J. Neurosci. Methods 236, 19\u201325 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"189_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00907-09","volume":"30","author":"S Malik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malik, S. et al. Histone deacetylase 7 and FoxA1 in estrogen-mediated repression of RPRM. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 399\u2013412 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"189_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.01.012","volume":"4","author":"MB Allison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allison, M. B. et al. TRAP-seq defines markers for novel populations of hypothalamic and brainstem LepRb neurons. Mol. Metab. 4, 299\u2013309 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"189_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:14:1:021","volume":"14","author":"GS Tannenbaum","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tannenbaum, G. S. & Bowers, C. Y. Interactions of growth hormone secretagogues and growth hormone-releasing hormone\/somatostatin. Endocrine 14, 21\u201327 (2001).","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"189_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4983","volume":"361","author":"SX Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo, S. X. et al. Regulation of feeding by somatostatin neurons in the tuberal nucleus. Science 361, 76 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"189_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R355","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1993.264.2.R355","volume":"264","author":"RR Schick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schick, R. R. et al. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 264, R355\u2013R361 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"189_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122998","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.122998","volume":"4","author":"AZ Scharff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scharff, A. Z. et al. Sex differences in IL-17 contribute to chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection. JCI Insight 4, 122998 (2019).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"189_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.03.007","volume":"20","author":"L Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis maps development of human germline cells and gonadal niche interactions. Cell Stem Cell 20, 858\u2013873.e4 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"189_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.023","volume":"165","author":"S Petropoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petropoulos, S. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals lineage and X chromosome dynamics in human preimplantation embryos. Cell 165, 1012\u20131026 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"189_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00589.x","volume":"6","author":"AE Herbison","year":"1994","unstructured":"Herbison, A. E. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus possess oestrogen receptors in the male and female rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6, 323\u2013328 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"189_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.001","volume":"30","author":"AP Arnold","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arnold, A. P. & Chen, X. What does the \u2018four core genotypes\u2019 mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues? Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30, 1\u20139 (2009).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"189_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90883-2","volume":"347","author":"L-M Kow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kow, L.-M. & Pfaff, D. W. Estrogen effects on neuronal responsiveness to electrical and neurotransmitter stimulation: an in vitro study on the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 347, 1\u201310 (1985).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"189_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90092-P","volume":"519","author":"T Minami","year":"1990","unstructured":"Minami, T., Oomura, Y., Nabekura, J. & Fukuda, A. 17\u03b2-Estradiol depolarization of hypothalamic neurons is mediated by cyclic AMP. Brain Res. 519, 301\u2013307 (1990).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"189_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912558106","volume":"106","author":"S Zadran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zadran, S. et al. 17-\u03b2-Estradiol increases neuronal excitability through MAP kinase-induced calpain activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21936 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"189_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700293104","volume":"104","author":"BN Armbruster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armbruster, B. N., Li, X., Pausch, M. H., Herlitze, S. & Roth, B. L. Evolving the lock to fit the key to create a family of G protein-coupled receptors potently activated by an inert ligand. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 5163 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"189_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.004","volume":"18","author":"R Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, R., Wu, X., Jiang, L. & Zhang, Y. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals hypothalamic cell diversity. Cell Rep. 18, 3227\u20133241 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"189_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4462","volume":"20","author":"RA Romanov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romanov, R. A. et al. Molecular interrogation of hypothalamic organization reveals distinct dopamine neuronal subtypes. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 176 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.020","volume":"179","author":"D-W Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, D.-W. et al. Multimodal analysis of cell types in a hypothalamic node controlling social behavior. Cell 179, 713\u2013728.e17 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"189_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02567","volume":"209","author":"DJ Schulz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schulz, D. J. Plasticity and stability in neuronal output via changes in intrinsic excitability: it\u2019s what\u2019s inside that counts. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 4821\u20134827 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"189_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2834","volume":"14","author":"MM McCarthy","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCarthy, M. M. & Arnold, A. P. Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 677\u2013683 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2016.01.001","volume":"40","author":"NG Forger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forger, N. G., Strahan, J. A. & Castillo-Ruiz, A. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the mammalian nervous system. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 40, 67\u201386 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"189_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00466","volume":"9","author":"EH Chartoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chartoff, E. H. & Mavrikaki, M. Sex differences in kappa opioid receptor function and their potential impact on addiction. Front. Neurosci. 9, 466 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"189_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00046","volume":"9","author":"JL Ferran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferran, J. L., Puelles, L. & Rubenstein, J. L. R. Molecular codes defining rostrocaudal domains in the embryonic mouse hypothalamus. Front. Neuroanat. 9, 46 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"189_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2653","volume":"45","author":"GTEx Consortium.","year":"2013","unstructured":"GTEx Consortium. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Nat. Genet. 45, 580\u2013585 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"189_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0115-5","volume":"7","author":"PS Burgoyne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgoyne, P. S. & Arnold, A. P. A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues. Biol. Sex Differ. 7, 68\u201368 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"189_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","volume":"33","author":"R Satija","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satija, R., Farrell, J. A., Gennert, D., Schier, A. F. & Regev, A. Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 495\u2013502 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"189_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. & Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J. Stat. Mech. 2008, P10008 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech."},{"key":"189_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.04.007","volume":"3","author":"JD Crane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crane, J. D., Mottillo, E. P., Farncombe, T. H., Morrison, K. M. & Steinberg, G. R. A standardized infrared imaging technique that specifically detects UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in vivo. Mol. Metab. 3, 490\u2013494 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"189_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092310417","volume":"231","author":"E Robbins","year":"1991","unstructured":"Robbins, E. et al. Quantitative non-radioactive in situ hybridization of preproenkephalin mRNA with digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes. Anat. Rec. 231, 559\u2013562 (1991).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"189_CR67","unstructured":"Paxinos, G. & Franklin, K. B. J. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 3rd edn (Academic Press, 2008)."},{"key":"189_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005970","volume":"16","author":"C McQuin","year":"2018","unstructured":"McQuin, C. et al. CellProfiler 3.0: next-generation image processing for biology. PLoS Biol. 16, e2005970 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"189_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05453","volume":"445","author":"E Lein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lein, E. et al. Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature 445, 168\u2013176 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-020-0189-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-020-0189-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-020-0189-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T17:58:19Z","timestamp":1696010299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-020-0189-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-020-0189-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/549725","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2522-5812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}