{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:47:09Z","timestamp":1793994429181,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP25212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP25212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002927","name":"CUH | Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, Cambridge University Hospitals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["900435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["900435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002927","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004282","name":"Evelyn Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24\/08 Med-24-2313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\/08 Med-24-2313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004282","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFA-2203-39318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFA-2203-39318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFA-2203-39318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFA-2203-39318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Metab"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01409-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1763719383000},"page":"2395-2413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The metabolic engine of cognition: microglia\u2013neuron interactions in health, ageing and disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evridiki","family":"Asimakidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Pluchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Ambrogina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9396-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Peruzzotti-Jametti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","volume":"390","author":"G Livingston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Livingston, G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 390, 2673\u20132734 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1409_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30185-7","volume":"5","author":"L Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, L. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Public Health 5, e661\u2013e671 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2440411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40411","volume":"7","author":"A Kulshreshtha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulshreshtha, A. et al. Prevalence of unrecognized cognitive impairment in federally qualified health centers. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e2440411 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1409_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03340-9","volume":"31","author":"M Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang, M. et al. Lifetime risk and projected burden of dementia. Nat. Med. 31, 772\u2013776 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3543","volume":"79","author":"JJ Manly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manly, J. J. et al. Estimating the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in the US: the 2016 Health and Retirement Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol Project. JAMA Neurol. 79, 1249 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","volume":"7","author":"E Nichols","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nichols, E. et al. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 7, e105\u2013e125 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1409_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6432","volume":"181","author":"LH Nicholas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholas, L. H., Langa, K. M., Bynum, J. P. W. & Hsu, J. W. Financial presentation of Alzheimer disease and related dementias. JAMA Intern. Med. 181, 220\u2013227 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","volume":"397","author":"P Scheltens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheltens, P. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet 397, 1577\u20131590 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1409_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-011-0215-x","volume":"11","author":"JS Paulsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paulsen, J. S. Cognitive impairment in Huntington disease: diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 11, 474\u2013483 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00280-3","volume":"7","author":"D Aarsland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aarsland, D. et al. Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 7, 47 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"1409_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0053-9","volume":"19","author":"M Di Filippo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Filippo, M., Portaccio, E., Mancini, A. & Calabresi, P. Multiple sclerosis and cognition: synaptic failure and network dysfunction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 599\u2013609 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00659-0","volume":"18","author":"P Hermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hermann, P. & Zerr, I. Rapidly progressive dementias\u2014aetiologies, diagnosis and management. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 18, 363\u2013376 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2311330","volume":"390","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hampshire, A. et al. Cognition and memory after COVID-19 in a large community sample. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 806\u2013818 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.09.005","volume":"29","author":"JA Santiago","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santiago, J. A., Karthikeyan, M., Lackey, M., Villavicencio, D. & Potashkin, J. A. Diabetes: a tipping point in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol. Med. 29, 1029\u20131044 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2458149","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.58149","volume":"8","author":"MM Mielke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mielke, M. M. et al. Alzheimer disease blood biomarkers and cognition among individuals with diabetes and overweight or obesity. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2458149 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1409_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332661","volume":"95","author":"V Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel, V. & Edison, P. Cardiometabolic risk factors and neurodegeneration: a review of the mechanisms underlying diabetes, obesity and hypertension in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 95, 581\u2013589 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1409_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.08.008","volume":"43","author":"LP Bernier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernier, L. P., York, E. M. & MacVicar, B. A. Immunometabolism in the brain: how metabolism shapes microglial function. Trends Neurosci. 43, 854\u2013869 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0998-21.2022","volume":"42","author":"S Mitra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Banik, A., Saurabh, S., Maulik, M. & Khatri, S. N. Neuroimmunometabolism: a new pathological nexus underlying neurodegenerative disorders. J. Neurosci. 42, 1888\u20131907 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","volume":"139","author":"DJ DiSabato","year":"2016","unstructured":"DiSabato, D. J., Quan, N. & Godbout, J. P. Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details. J. Neurochem. 139, 136\u2013153 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"1409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1472","volume":"8","author":"D Davalos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davalos, D. et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 752\u2013758 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3053","volume":"12","author":"S David","year":"2011","unstructured":"David, S. & Kroner, A. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 388\u2013399 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.019","volume":"75","author":"JJ Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris, J. J., Jolivet, R. & Attwell, D. Synaptic energy use and supply. Neuron 75, 762\u2013777 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)60571-8","volume":"233","author":"P Rio-Hortega","year":"1939","unstructured":"Rio-Hortega, P. The microglia. Lancet 233, 1023\u20131026 (1939).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1409_CR24","first-page":"95","volume":"11","author":"A Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F. & Helmchen, F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 11, 95\u201396 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","volume":"35","author":"M Colonna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colonna, M. & Butovsky, O. Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 35, 441\u2013468 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338","volume":"19","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ransohoff, R. M. A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 987\u2013991 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","volume":"110","author":"RC Paolicelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R. C. et al. Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads. Neuron 110, 3458\u20133483 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Krasemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krasemann, S. et al. The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 47, 566\u2013581 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1409_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","volume":"169","author":"H Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keren-Shaul, H. et al. A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell 169, 1276\u20131290 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","volume":"173","author":"A Deczkowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deczkowska, A. et al. Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration. Cell 173, 1073\u20131081 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01931-4","volume":"28","author":"L Fumagalli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fumagalli, L. et al. Microglia heterogeneity, modeling and cell-state annotation in development and neurodegeneration. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 1381\u20131392 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00837-1","volume":"23","author":"M Colonna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colonna, M. The biology of TREM receptors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 23, 580\u2013594 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42096-7","volume":"14","author":"AM Sabogal-Gu\u00e1queta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabogal-Gu\u00e1queta, A. M. et al. Species-specific metabolic reprogramming in human and mouse microglia during inflammatory pathway induction. Nat. Commun. 14, 6454 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001","volume":"38","author":"J Van den Bossche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van den Bossche, J., O'Neill, L. A. & Menon, D. Macrophage immunometabolism: where are we (going)?. Trends Immunol. 38, 395\u2013406 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.006","volume":"35","author":"P Hasel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasel, P., Aisenberg, W. H., Bennett, F. C. & Liddelow, S. A. Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia. Cell Metab. 35, 555\u2013570 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15267-z","volume":"11","author":"L Bernier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernier, L., Weilinger, N. L., York, E. M., Kamyabi, A. & Macvicar, B. A. Microglial metabolic flexibility supports immune surveillance of the brain parenchyma. Nat. Commun. 11, 1559 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.12.001","volume":"33","author":"K Monsorno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monsorno, K., Buckinx, A. & Paolicelli, R. C. Microglial metabolic flexibility: emerging roles for lactate. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 186\u2013195 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986","volume":"496","author":"GM Tannahill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tannahill, G. M. et al. Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1\u03b2 through HIF-1\u03b1. Nature 496, 238\u2013242 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","volume":"324","author":"MG Vander Heiden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vander Heiden, M. G., Cantley, L. C. & Thompson, C. B. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324, 1029\u20131033 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55529-9_34","volume":"37","author":"ME Garcia-Segura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia-Segura, M. E., Pluchino, S. & Peruzzotti-Jametti, L. Metabolic control of microglia. Adv. Neurobiol. 37, 607\u2013622 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1409_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15206","volume":"158","author":"DK Kaushik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaushik, D. K. & Yong, V. W. Metabolic needs of brain-infiltrating leukocytes and microglia in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurochem. 158, 14\u201324 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"1409_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.005","volume":"30","author":"SH Baik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baik, S. H. et al. A breakdown in metabolic reprogramming causes microglia dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Metab. 30, 493\u2013507 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07167-9","volume":"628","author":"L Peruzzotti-Jametti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peruzzotti-Jametti, L. et al. Mitochondrial complex I activity in microglia sustains neuroinflammation. Nature 628, 195\u2013203 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","volume":"597","author":"M Absinta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Absinta, M. et al. A lymphocyte\u2013microglia\u2013astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis. Nature 597, 709\u2013714 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.06.023","volume":"110","author":"VW Yong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yong, V. W. Microglia in multiple sclerosis: protectors turn destroyers. Neuron 110, 3534\u20133548 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0566-1","volume":"23","author":"J Marschallinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marschallinger, J. et al. Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 194\u2013208 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.803239","volume":"293","author":"LK Bak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bak, L. K. & Walls, A. B. Astrocytic glycogen metabolism in the healthy and diseased brain. J. Biol. Chem. 293, 7108\u20137116 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1409_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00528-6","volume":"4","author":"B Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva, B. et al. Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. Nat. Metab. 4, 213\u2013224 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.024","volume":"26","author":"L Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, L., MacKenzie, K. R., Putluri, N., Maleti\u0107-Savati\u0107, M. & Bellen, H. J. The glia-neuron lactate shuttle and elevated ROS promote lipid synthesis in neurons and lipid droplet accumulation in glia via APOE\/D. Cell Metab. 26, 719\u2013737 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035","volume":"86","author":"PJ Magistretti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magistretti, P. J. & Allaman, I. A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging. Neuron 86, 883\u2013901 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.021","volume":"26","author":"CM D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, C. M. et al. Neuronal stimulation triggers neuronal glycolysis and not lactate uptake. Cell Metab. 26, 361\u2013374 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1881","volume":"11","author":"A Herrero-Mendez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herrero-Mendez, A. et al. The bioenergetic and antioxidant status of neurons is controlled by continuous degradation of a key glycolytic enzyme by APC\/C-Cdh1. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 747\u2013752 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01476-4","volume":"26","author":"Y Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei, Y. et al. Aerobic glycolysis is the predominant means of glucose metabolism in neuronal somata, which protects against oxidative damage. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 2081\u20132089 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1659-1","volume":"16","author":"D Tu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tu, D. et al. The pentose phosphate pathway regulates chronic neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J. Neuroinflammation 16, 255 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1409_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45161-7","volume":"262","author":"SY Yang","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yang, S. Y., He, X. Y. & Schulz, H. Fatty acid oxidation in rat brain is limited by the low activity of 3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 13027\u201313032 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1409_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.128","volume":"33","author":"P Sch\u00f6nfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nfeld, P. & Reiser, G. Why does brain metabolism not favor burning of fatty acids to provide energy-reflections on disadvantages of the use of free fatty acids as fuel for brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 33, 1493\u20131499 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01321-x","volume":"7","author":"M Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, M. et al. Triglycerides are an important fuel reserve for synapse function in the brain. Nat. Metab. 7, 1392\u20131403 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.280","volume":"62","author":"JP Bola\u00f1os","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bola\u00f1os, J. P. & Almeida, A. The pentose-phosphate pathway in neuronal survival against nitrosative stress. IUBMB Life 62, 14\u201318 (2010).","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"1409_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2014.09.016","volume":"21","author":"J Ivanisevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivanisevic, J. et al. Brain region mapping using global metabolomics. Chem. Biol. 21, 1575\u20131584 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59487-7","volume":"16","author":"HA Clarke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clarke, H. A. et al. Spatial mapping of the brain metabolome lipidome and glycome. Nat. Commun. 16, 4373 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010459107","volume":"107","author":"SN Vaishnavi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vaishnavi, S. N. et al. Regional aerobic glycolysis in the human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 17757\u201317762 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.114","volume":"33","author":"V Tiwari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tiwari, V., Ambadipudi, S. & Patel, A. B. Glutamatergic and GABAergic TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycling fluxes in different regions of mouse brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 33, 1523\u20131531 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.027","volume":"144","author":"JMN Duarte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duarte, J. M. N., Cunha, R. A. & Carvalho, R. A. Different metabolism of glutamatergic and GABAergic compartments in superfused hippocampal slices characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroscience 144, 1305\u20131313 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1409_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0778-9","volume":"46","author":"JB Ruden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruden, J. B., Dugan, L. L. & Konradi, C. Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 46, 279\u2013287 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1409_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.04.004","volume":"93","author":"M Inan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inan, M. et al. Energy deficit in parvalbumin neurons leads to circuit dysfunction, impaired sensory gating and social disability. Neurobiol. Dis. 93, 35\u201346 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1409_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02703.x","volume":"50","author":"R Beschorner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beschorner, R. et al. Reactive astrocytes and activated microglial cells express EAAT1, but not EAAT2, reflecting a neuroprotective potential following ischaemia. Histopathology 50, 897\u2013910 (2007).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1409_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1082","volume":"35","author":"FK Van Landeghem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Landeghem, F. K. et al. Early expression of glutamate transporter proteins in ramified microglia after controlled cortical impact injury in the rat. Glia 35, 167\u2013179 (2001).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"1409_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0305-9","volume":"14","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Glucose transporter 1 critically controls microglial activation through facilitating glycolysis. Mol. Neurodegener. 14, 2 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"1409_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202000858","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202000858","volume":"4","author":"TF Cust\u00f3dio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cust\u00f3dio, T. F., Paulsen, P. A., Frain, K. M. & Pedersen, B. P. Structural comparison of GLUT1 to GLUT3 reveal transport regulation mechanism in sugar porter family. Life Sci. Alliance 4, e202000858 (2021).","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"1409_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.50","volume":"29","author":"TJ Moreira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moreira, T. J. et al. Enhanced cerebral expression of MCT1 and MCT2 in a rat ischemia model occurs in activated microglial cells. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 29, 1273\u20131283 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1648-4","volume":"16","author":"L Kong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kong, L. et al. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 promotes classical microglial activation and pro-inflammatory effect via 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase\/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3. J. Neuroinflammation 16, 240 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1409_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.06.029","volume":"112","author":"H Scheiblich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheiblich, H. et al. Microglia rescue neurons from aggregate-induced neuronal dysfunction and death through tunneling nanotubes.Neuron 112, 3106\u20133125 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, R., Nonaka, T., Hasegawa, M. & Zurzolo, C. Tunnelling nanotubes between neuronal and microglial cells allow bi-directional transfer of \u03b1-Synuclein and mitochondria. Cell Death Dis. 14, 329 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05835-8"},{"key":"1409_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.008","volume":"36","author":"Y Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Dissing-olesen, L., Macvicar, B. A. & Stevens, B. Microglia: dynamic mediators of synapse development and plasticity. Trends Immunol. 36, 605\u2013613 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529","volume":"333","author":"RC Paolicelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R. C. et al. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science 333, 1456\u20131458 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","volume":"74","author":"DP Schafer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schafer, D. P. et al. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 74, 691\u2013705 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR77","first-page":"1164","volume":"131","author":"B Stevens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stevens, B. et al. The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination. Neuron 131, 1164\u20131178 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.040","volume":"83","author":"G Tang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tang, G. et al. Loss of mTOR-dependent macroautophagy causes autistic-like synaptic pruning deficits. Neuron 83, 1131\u20131143 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.103","volume":"22","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, H. J. et al. Deficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects. Mol. Psychiatry 22, 1576\u20131584 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1409_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh7906","volume":"381","author":"U Eyo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eyo, U. & Molofsky, A. V. Defining microglial-synapse interactions. Science 381, 1155\u20131156 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040","volume":"82","author":"MRP Elmore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elmore, M. R. P. et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron 82, 380\u2013397 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.082","volume":"88","author":"A Soch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soch, A. et al. The role of microglia in the second and third postnatal weeks of life in rat hippocampal development and memory. Brain Behav. Immun. 88, 675\u2013687 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1409_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-024-00130-9","volume":"25","author":"M Surala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Surala, M. et al. Lifelong absence of microglia alters hippocampal glutamatergic networks but not synapse and spine density. EMBO Rep. 25, 2348\u20132374 (2021).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022431","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1022431","volume":"16","author":"B Basilico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basilico, B. et al. What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 16, 1022431 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara, N. B. et al. Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity. Nature 613, 120\u2013129 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05534-y"},{"key":"1409_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2025.06.006","volume":"48","author":"DA Hume","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hume, D. A. Life without microglia. Trends Neurosci. 48, 560\u2013569 (2025).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.018","volume":"112","author":"DAD Munro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munro, D. A. D. et al. Microglia protect against age-associated brain pathologies. Neuron 112, 2732\u20132748 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","volume":"50","author":"TR Hammond","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hammond, T. R. et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes. Immunity 50, 253\u2013271 (2019).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1409_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghres.2024.100003","volume":"1","author":"A Das","year":"2025","unstructured":"Das, A., Sadeghdoust, M., Templeman, E. C. & Kaushik, D. K. The metabolic journey of microglia from early development to adulthood. Glial Health Res. 1, 100003 (2025).","journal-title":"Glial Health Res."},{"key":"1409_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.010","volume":"27","author":"LP Bernier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernier, L. P. et al. Nanoscale surveillance of the brain by microglia via cAMP-regulated filopodia. Cell Rep. 27, 2895\u20132908 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monsorno, K. et al. Loss of microglial MCT4 leads to defective synaptic pruning and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Nat. Commun. 14, 5749 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41502-4"},{"key":"1409_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.016","volume":"48","author":"F Filipello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Filipello, F. et al. The microglial innate immune receptor TREM2 is required for synapse elimination and normal brain. Immunity 48, 979\u2013991 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1409_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.018","volume":"184","author":"E Favuzzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Favuzzi, E., Huang, S., Saldi, G. A., Datta, S. R. & Stevens, B. GABA-receptive microglia selectively sculpt developing inhibitory circuits. Cell 184, 4048\u20134063 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vecchiarelli, H. A. et al. Dark microglia are abundant in normal postnatal development, where they remodel synapses via phagocytosis and trogocytosis, and are dependent on TREM2. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.10.15.618087 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.15.618087"},{"key":"1409_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13374","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13374","volume":"5","author":"X Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. eLife 5, e13374 (2016).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1409_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.037","volume":"186","author":"LS Knaus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knaus, L. S. et al. Large neutral amino acid levels tune perinatal neuronal excitability and survival. Cell 186, 1950\u20131967 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898655","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.898655","volume":"9","author":"M Oliveira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oliveira, M. et al. Early life to adult brain lipidome dynamic: a temporospatial study investigating dietary polar lipid supplementation efficacy. Front. Nutr. 9, 898655 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"1409_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965090","volume":"7","author":"SI Laitinen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Laitinen, S. I., Laitinen, P. H., Hietala, O. A., Pajunen, A. E. & Piha, R. Developmental brain polyamine metabolism. J. Neurochem. Res. 7, 1477\u20131485 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"1409_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030017","volume":"3","author":"S Achard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Achard, S. & Bullmore, E. Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Comput. Biol. 3, e17 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91250-y","volume":"11","author":"K Takagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takagi, K. Energy constraints on brain network formation. Sci. Rep. 11, 11745 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3214","volume":"13","author":"E Bullmore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bullmore, E. & Sporns, O. The economy of brain network organization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 336\u2013349 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303346110","volume":"110","author":"D Tomasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomasi, D., Wang, G. -J. & Volkow, N. D. Energetic cost of brain functional connectivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 13642\u201313647 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70277-5","volume":"10","author":"D Kapogiannis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kapogiannis, D. & Mattson, M. P. Disrupted energy metabolism and neuronal circuit dysfunction in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 10, 187\u2013198 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322423","volume":"17","author":"J Cornell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cornell, J., Salinas, S., Huang, H. Y. & Zhou, M. Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Neural Regen. Res. 17, 705\u2013716 (2022).","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"1409_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83176","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83176","volume":"12","author":"FC Nebeling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nebeling, F. C. et al. Microglial motility is modulated by neuronal activity and correlates with dendritic spine plasticity in the hippocampus of awake mice. eLife 12, e83176 (2023).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1409_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34035-9","volume":"13","author":"I Hristovska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hristovska, I. et al. Sleep decreases neuronal activity control of microglial dynamics in mice. Nat. Commun. 13, 6273 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722613115","volume":"115","author":"BA Gy\u00f6rffy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gy\u00f6rffy, B. A. et al. Local apoptotic-like mechanisms underlie complement-mediated synaptic pruning. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6303\u20136308 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz2288","volume":"367","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Microglia mediate forgetting via complement-dependent synaptic elimination. Science 367, 688\u2013694 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","volume":"155","author":"CN Parkhurst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parkhurst, C. N. et al. Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Cell 155, 1596\u20131609 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.024","volume":"76","author":"BS Khakh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khakh, B. S. & North, R. A. Neuromodulation by extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in the CNS. Neuron 76, 51\u201369 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2777-8","volume":"586","author":"A Badimon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badimon, A. et al. Negative feedback control of neuronal activity by microglia. Nature 586, 417\u2013423 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175012","volume":"12","author":"M Matyash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matyash, M., Zabiegalov, O., Wendt, S., Matyash, V. & Kettenmann, H. The adenosine generating enzymes CD39\/CD73 control microglial processes ramification in the mouse brain. PLoS ONE 12, e0175012 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1409_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00756-7","volume":"24","author":"M Merlini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merlini, M. et al. Microglial Gi-dependent dynamics regulate brain network hyperexcitability. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 19\u201323 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011","volume":"27","author":"MP Mattson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mattson, M. P. & Arumugam, T. V. Hallmarks of brain aging: adaptive and pathological modification by metabolic states. Cell Metab. 27, 1176\u20131199 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.156","volume":"19","author":"MP Mattson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mattson, M. P., Moehl, K., Ghena, N., Schmaedick, M. & Cheng, A. Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 81\u201394 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2025727118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025727118","volume":"118","author":"C Weistuch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weistuch, C. et al. Metabolism modulates network synchrony in the aging brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2025727118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07223-0","volume":"7","author":"HA Deery","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deery, H. A. et al. Reconfiguration of metabolic connectivity in ageing. Commun. Biol. 7, 1600 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00663","volume":"6","author":"R Sala-Llonch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sala-Llonch, R., Bartr\u00e9s-Faz, D. & Junqu\u00e9, C. Reorganization of brain networks in aging: a review of functional connectivity studies. Front. Psychol. 6, 663 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1409_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.07.010","volume":"26","author":"MS Goyal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goyal, M. S. et al. Loss of brain aerobic glycolysis in normal human aging. Cell Metab. 26, 353\u2013360 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00053","volume":"9","author":"SC Cunnane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cunnane, S. C. et al. Can ketones help rescue brain fuel supply in later life? Implications for cognitive health during aging and the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 9, 53 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157405","volume":"11","author":"AK Pollard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pollard, A. K., Craig, E. L. & Chakrabarti, L. Mitochondrial complex 1 activity measured by spectrophotometry is reduced across all brain regions in ageing and more specifically in neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE 11, e0157405 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1409_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.08.001","volume":"23","author":"EF Fang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang, E. F. et al. NAD+ in aging: molecular mechanisms and translational implications. Trends Mol. Med. 23, 899\u2013916 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4020","volume":"16","author":"HM Chow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chow, H. M. & Herrup, K. Genomic integrity and the ageing brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 672\u2013684 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06373-1","volume":"620","author":"MF Gulen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gulen, M. F. et al. cGAS\u2013STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration. Nature 620, 374\u2013380 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo4662","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4662","volume":"8","author":"GM Welch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Welch, G. M. et al. Neurons burdened by DNA double-strand breaks incite microglia activation through antiviral-like signaling in neurodegeneration. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo4662 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1409_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.10.019","volume":"113","author":"J Groh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Groh, J. & Simons, M. White matter aging and its impact on brain function. Neuron 113, 127\u2013139 (2025).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.01.027","volume":"109","author":"S Safaiyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safaiyan, S. et al. White matter aging drives microglial diversity. Neuron 109, 1100\u20131117 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4325","volume":"19","author":"S Safaiyan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Safaiyan, S. et al. Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 995\u2013998 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0059-4","volume":"14","author":"C Franceschi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franceschi, C., Garagnani, P., Parini, P., Giuliani, C. & Santoro, A. Inflammaging: a new immune\u2013metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14, 576\u2013590 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1409_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03160-0","volume":"590","author":"PS Minhas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minhas, P. S. et al. Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing. Nature 590, 122\u2013128 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1409_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1205758","volume":"80","author":"MG Netea","year":"2006","unstructured":"Netea, M. G. et al. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplifies the signals induced by the NACHT-LRR (NLR) pattern recognition receptors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1454\u20131461 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1106","volume":"3","author":"M Colonna","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colonna, M. TREMs in the immune system and beyond. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 445\u2013453 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01610-w","volume":"27","author":"EN Wilson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilson, E. N. et al. TREM1 disrupts myeloid bioenergetics and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer disease mouse models. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 873\u2013885 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","volume":"8","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 239 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"1409_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","volume":"55","author":"TV Rohm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rohm, T. V., Meier, D. T., Olefsky, J. M. & Donath, M. Y. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Immunity 55, 31\u201355 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1409_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0789-18.2018","volume":"38","author":"EC Cope","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cope, E. C. et al. Microglia play an active role in obesity-associated cognitive decline. J. Neurosci. 38, 8889\u20138904 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj7813","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj7813","volume":"10","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Microglial Ffar4 deficiency promotes cognitive impairment in the context of metabolic syndrome. Sci. Adv. 10, eadj7813 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1409_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","volume":"14","author":"GJ Biessels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biessels, G. J. & Despa, F. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14, 591\u2013604 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1409_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37215-0","volume":"9","author":"CF Hsieh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. F. et al. Acute glucose fluctuation impacts microglial activity, leading to inflammatory activation or self-degradation. Sci. Rep. 9, 840 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.174","volume":"322","author":"Y Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan, Y., Jiang, C. T., Xue, B., Zhu, S. G. & Wang, X. High glucose stimulates TNF\u03b1 and MCP-1 expression in rat microglia via ROS and NF-\u03baB pathways. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 322, 188\u2013193 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"1409_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-182","volume":"9","author":"SJ Won","year":"2012","unstructured":"Won, S. J. et al. Recurrent\/moderate hypoglycemia induces hippocampal dendritic injury, microglial activation, and cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. J. Neuroinflammation 9, 182 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1409_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.008","volume":"24","author":"E Mills","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mills, E. & Neill, L. A. J. O. Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation. Trends Cell Biol. 24, 313\u2013320 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.004","volume":"42","author":"G Krzak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krzak, G., Willis, C. M., Smith, J. A. & Pluchino, S. Succinate receptor 1: an emerging regulator of myeloid cell function in inflammation. Trends Immunol. 42, 45\u201358 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","volume":"18","author":"D Erny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erny, D. et al. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 965\u2013977 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1215","volume":"13","author":"XH Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian, X. H., Xie, R. Y., Liu, X. L., Chen, S. D. & Tang, H. D. Mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids derived from gut microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Aging Dis. 13, 1252\u20131266 (2022).","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"1409_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01027-3","volume":"25","author":"O Mossad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mossad, O. et al. Gut microbiota drives age-related oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in microglia via the metabolite N6-carboxymethyllysine. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 295\u2013305 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","volume":"129","author":"S Amor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amor, S., Puentes, F., Baker, D. & Der, P. V. Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 129, 154\u2013169 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1409_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2590","volume":"353","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ransohoff, R. M. How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. Science 353, 777\u2013783 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-47","volume":"4","author":"TC Frank-Cannon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frank-Cannon, T. C., Alto, L. T., Mcalpine, F. E. & Tansey, M. G. Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases?. Mol. Neurodegener. 4, 47 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"1409_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01008","volume":"10","author":"L Guzman-Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guzman-Martinez, L. et al. Neuroinflammation as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 1008 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1409_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadx0043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx0043","volume":"388","author":"F-D Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi, F. -D. & Yong, V. W. Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases. Science 388, eadx0043 (2025).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa088","volume":"143","author":"M Malpetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malpetti, M. et al. Microglial activation and tau burden predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019 s disease. Brain 143, 1588\u20131602 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1409_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848180","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.848180","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Lin, R., Huang, H. & Xue, Y. Microglial activation, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration biomarkers predict longitudinal cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 848180 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201351","volume":"80","author":"G Tondo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tondo, G., Boccalini, C., Paola, S. & Presotto, L. Brain metabolism and microglia activation in mild cognitive impairment: a combined [18F] FDG and [11C]-(R)-PK11195 PET study. J. Alzheimers Dis. 80, 433\u2013445 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"1409_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.019","volume":"85","author":"J Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou, J. et al. Microglial activation, but not tau pathology, is independently associated with amyloid positivity and memory impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 85, 11\u201321 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1409_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad078","volume":"146","author":"M Malpetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malpetti, M. et al. Microglial activation in the frontal cortex predicts cognitive decline in frontotemporal dementia. Brain 146, 3221\u20133231 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1409_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24791","volume":"80","author":"E Herranz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herranz, E. et al. Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 80, 776\u2013790 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.1321","volume":"80","author":"J Braga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braga, J. et al. Neuroinflammation after COVID-19 with persistent depressive and cognitive symptoms. JAMA Psychiatry 80, 787\u2013795 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1409_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","volume":"36","author":"P Mergenthaler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mergenthaler, P., Lindauer, U., Dienel, G. A. & Meisel, A. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci. 36, 587\u2013597 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1015-4","volume":"69","author":"MJ Surace","year":"2012","unstructured":"Surace, M. J. & Block, M. L. Targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: the potential of NOX2 inhibitors. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 2409\u20132427 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"1409_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1759-1961.2009.00001.x","volume":"1","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. Neurotoxicity by microglia: mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategy. Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. 1, 12\u201321 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"1409_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.03.006","volume":"431","author":"BI Aldana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aldana, B. I. Microglia-specific metabolic changes in neurodegeneration. J. Mol. Biol. 431, 1830\u20131842 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.038","volume":"92","author":"L Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding, L. et al. Glutaminase in microglia: a novel regulator of neuroinflammation. Brain. Behav. Immun. 92, 139\u2013156 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1409_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2009.24","volume":"30","author":"XX Dong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dong, X. X., Wang, Y. & Qin, Z. H. Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 30, 379\u2013387 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"1409_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10444","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413863200","volume":"280","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. et al. Neuritic beading induced by activated microglia is an early feature of neuronal dysfunction toward neuronal death by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and axonal transport. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10444\u201310454 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1409_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00278-7","volume":"11","author":"M Verma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verma, M., Lizama, B. N. & Chu, C. T. Excitotoxicity, calcium and mitochondria: a triad in synaptic neurodegeneration. Transl. Neurodegener. 11, 3 (2022).","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"1409_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01187-0","volume":"30","author":"P Bernardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardi, P. et al. Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions. Cell Death Differ. 30, 1869\u20131885 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"1409_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010716-105001","volume":"57","author":"TM Dawson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dawson, T. M. & Dawson, V. Mitochondrial mechanisms of neuronal cell death: potential therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 57, 437\u2013454 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"1409_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.01.137","volume":"460","author":"S Orrenius","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orrenius, S., Gogvadze, V. & Zhivotovsky, B. Calcium and mitochondria in the regulation of cell death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 460, 72\u201381 (2015).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.145409","volume":"585","author":"Y Duan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Gross, R. A. & Sheu, S. -S. Ca2+-dependent generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species serves as a signal for poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 activation during glutamate excitotoxicity. J. Physiol. 585, 741\u2013758 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1409_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.04.031","volume":"70","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Exploring the role of parthanatos in CNS injury: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches. J. Adv. Res. 70, 271\u2013286 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"1409_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405158111","volume":"111","author":"SA Andrabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrabi, S. A. et al. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent energy depletion occurs through inhibition of glycolysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 10209\u201310214 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo1286","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo1286","volume":"8","author":"N Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, N. et al. BACE-1 inhibition facilitates the transition from homeostatic microglia to DAM-1. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo1286 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1409_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo3610","volume":"8","author":"N Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, N., Das, B., Zhou, J., Hu, X. & Yan, R. Targeted BACE-1 inhibition in microglia enhances amyloid clearance and improved cognitive performance. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo3610 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1409_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00191","volume":"22","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Lipoprotein-inspired nanoscavenger for the three-pronged modulation of microglia-derived neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy. Nano Lett. 22, 2450\u20132460 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"1409_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.02.013","volume":"34","author":"RY Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, R. Y. et al. Positive feedback regulation of microglial glucose metabolism by histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Metab. 34, 634\u2013648 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00643-4","volume":"4","author":"L Leng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leng, L. et al. Microglial hexokinase 2 deficiency increases ATP generation through lipid metabolism leading to \u03b2-amyloid clearance. Nat. Metab. 4, 1287\u20131305 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR178","first-page":"429\u2013440","volume":"103","author":"WJ Geldenhuys","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geldenhuys, W. J. et al. Loss of the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET in mice is associated with cognitive impairments and increased neuroinflammation. J. Alzheimers Dis. 103, 429\u2013440 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"1409_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01315-6","volume":"26","author":"JC Udeochu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Udeochu, J. C. et al. Tau activation of microglial cGAS\u2013IFN reduces MEF2C-mediated cognitive resilience. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 737\u2013750 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.07.005","volume":"29","author":"MB Victor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Victor, M. B. et al. Lipid accumulation induced by APOE4 impairs microglial surveillance of neuronal-network activity. Cell Stem Cell 29, 1197\u20131212 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.029","volume":"58","author":"P Prakash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prakash, P. et al. Amyloid-\u03b2 induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Immunity 58, 1536\u20131552 (2025).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1409_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0472-2","volume":"5","author":"JE Schweig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schweig, J. E. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathological lesions activate the spleen tyrosine kinase. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 5, 69 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.030","volume":"185","author":"H Ennerfelt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ennerfelt, H. et al. SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease. Cell 185, 4135\u20134152 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0355-1","volume":"16","author":"J DeLuca","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeLuca, J., Chiaravalloti, N. D. & Sandroff, B. M. Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 16, 319\u2013332 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","volume":"7","author":"ND Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiaravalloti, N. D. & DeLuca, J. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 7, 1139\u20131151 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2008.00987.x","volume":"34","author":"D Mahad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahad, D., Lassmann, H. & Turnbull, D. Mitochondria and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 34, 577\u2013589 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1409_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.11.007","volume":"20","author":"ME Witte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Witte, M. E., Mahad, D. J., Lassmann, H. & van Horssen, J. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol. Med. 20, 179\u2013187 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"1409_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0348-9","volume":"251","author":"Y Gilgun-Sherki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilgun-Sherki, Y., Melamed, E. & Offen, D. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: the need for effective antioxidant therapy. J. Neurol. 251, 261\u2013268 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.174","volume":"66","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calabrese, M. et al. Cortical lesions and atrophy associated with cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 66, 1144\u20131150 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11621-5","volume":"270","author":"VT Barletta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barletta, V. T. et al. In vivo characterization of microglia and myelin relation in multiple sclerosis by combined 11C-PBR28 PET and synthetic MRI. J. Neurol. 270, 3091\u20133102 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054666","volume":"8","author":"R Nistic\u00f2","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nistic\u00f2, R. et al. Inflammation subverts hippocampal synaptic plasticity in experimental multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 8, e54666 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1409_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.010","volume":"60","author":"V Planche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Planche, V. et al. Selective dentate gyrus disruption causes memory impairment at the early stage of experimental multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav. Immun. 60, 240\u2013254 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1409_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20926","volume":"6","author":"MD Filippo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Filippo, M. D. et al. Persistent activation of microglia and NADPH oxidase drive hippocampal dysfunction in experimental multiple sclerosis. Sci. Rep. 6, 20926 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105533","volume":"160","author":"J Bourel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourel, J. et al. Complement C3 mediates early hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory impairment in experimental multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol. Dis. 160, 105533 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1409_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00255","volume":"9","author":"KM Gillen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gillen, K. M., Mubarak, M., Nguyen, T. D. & Pitt, D. Significance and in vivo detection of iron-laden microglia in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions. Front. Immunol. 9, 255 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1409_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23974","volume":"74","author":"S Hametner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hametner, S. et al. Iron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain. Ann. Neurol. 74, 848\u2013861 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1409_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.019","volume":"188","author":"MS Woo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Woo, M. S. et al. The immunoproteasome disturbs neuronal metabolism and drives neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Cell 188, 6097\u20136103 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","volume":"11","author":"MY Batiuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batiuk, M. Y. et al. Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution. Nat. Commun. 11, 1220 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1409_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.029","volume":"95","author":"H Chai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chai, H. et al. Neural circuit-specialized astrocytes: transcriptomic, proteomic, morphological, and functional evidence. Neuron 95, 531\u2013549 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasel, P. et al. Neurons and neuronal activity control gene expression in astrocytes to regulate their development and metabolism. Nat. Commun. 8, 15132 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15132"},{"key":"1409_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000017324","volume":"20","author":"L Pellerin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pellerin, L. et al. Evidence supporting the existence of an activity-dependent astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. Dev. Neurosci. 20, 291\u2013299 (1998).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204619119","volume":"119","author":"V Medel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medel, V. et al. Whole-brain neuronal MCT2 lactate transporter expression links metabolism to human brain structure and function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, 8\u201310 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1409_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.018","volume":"144","author":"A Suzuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suzuki, A. et al. Astrocyte-neuron lactate transport is required for long-term memory formation. Cell 144, 810\u2013823 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01325-z","volume":"20","author":"MM Hilscher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hilscher, M. M. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the lineage progression of fine oligodendrocyte subtypes. BMC Biol. 20, 122 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"1409_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6463","volume":"352","author":"S Marques","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marques, S. et al. Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system. Science 352, 1326\u20131329 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110423","volume":"38","author":"L Khandker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khandker, L. et al. Cholesterol biosynthesis defines oligodendrocyte precursor heterogeneity between brain and spinal cord. Cell Rep. 38, 110423 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivo\u0148kov\u00e1, H. et al. Heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation is dynamic and driven by passive bioelectrical properties. Cell Rep. 43, 114873 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114873"},{"key":"1409_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01558-3","volume":"27","author":"ZJ Looser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Looser, Z. J. et al. Oligodendrocyte\u2013axon metabolic coupling is mediated by extracellular K+ and maintains axonal health. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 433\u2013448 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asadollahi, E. et al. Oligodendroglial fatty acid metabolism as a central nervous system energy reserve. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1934\u20131944 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01749-6"},{"key":"1409_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00711-y","volume":"24","author":"EM Kr\u00e4mer-Albers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer-Albers, E. M. & Werner, H. B. Mechanisms of axonal support by oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 474\u2013486 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1409_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00756-4","volume":"5","author":"Y Mi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mi, Y. et al. Loss of fatty acid degradation by astrocytic mitochondria triggers neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat. Metab. 5, 445\u2013465 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"1409_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm6131","volume":"385","author":"PS Minhas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minhas, P. S. et al. Restoring hippocampal glucose metabolism rescues cognition across Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies. Science 385, eabm6131 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8680","volume":"6","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb8680 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1409_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.017","volume":"100","author":"EK Lehrman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehrman, E. K. et al. CD47 protects synapses from excess microglia- mediated pruning during development. Neuron 100, 120\u2013134 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1409_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.050","volume":"182","author":"PT Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen, P. T. et al. Microglial remodeling of the extracellular matrix promotes synapse plasticity. Cell 182, 388\u2013403 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1409_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3589","volume":"359","author":"ID Vainchtein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vainchtein, I. D. et al. Astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development. Science 359, 1269\u20131273 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1409_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220605","volume":"220","author":"RT Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, R. T. et al. Microglial pattern recognition via IL-33 promotes synaptic refinement in developing corticothalamic circuits in mice. J. Exp. Med. 220, e20220605 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Nature Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-025-01409-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-025-01409-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-025-01409-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1766581372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42255-025-01409-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-025-01409-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2522-5812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.P. is founder, CSO and shareholder (>5%) of CITC. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}