{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:04:21Z","timestamp":1793941461320,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Aging"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-026-01088-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1773223385000},"page":"520-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microglia protein profiles in CSF across Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical stages"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7305-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena-Raluca","family":"Blujdea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"van Bokhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela V.","family":"Martino-Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria S.","family":"Marshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Vromen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanaika S.","family":"Hok-A-Hin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter A.","family":"Boiten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5599-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice S.","family":"Chen-Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afina W.","family":"Lemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolande","family":"Pijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiesje M.","family":"van der Flier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Hellmann-Regen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Priller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9540-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Wiltfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"D\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Buerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Perneczky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Teipel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Laske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Brosseron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the DELCODE Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Preis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Gref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike Jakob","family":"Spruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gemenetzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fliessbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayda","family":"Rostamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzel","family":"Glanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enise I.","family":"Incesoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Janowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris-Stephan","family":"Rauchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Kilimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Goerss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sodenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Spottke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Kronm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Roeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-3699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud","family":"Wijdeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8008-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter-Jelle","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2612-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty M.","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip L.","family":"De Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4061-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Teunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Vermunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1088_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104511","volume":"90","author":"SJ Andrews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrews, S. J. et al. The complex genetic architecture of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: novel insights and future directions. EBioMedicine 90, 104511 (2023).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1088_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00714-w","volume":"18","author":"L Migliore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Migliore, L. & Coppede, F. Gene\u2212environment interactions in Alzheimer disease: the emerging role of epigenetics. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 18, 643\u2013660 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","volume":"173","author":"A Deczkowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deczkowska, A. et al. Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration. Cell 173, 1073\u20131081 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1088_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","volume":"169","author":"H Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keren-Shaul, H. et al. A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell 169, 1276\u20131290 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1088_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02372-6","volume":"143","author":"AM Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith, A. M. et al. Diverse human astrocyte and microglial transcriptional responses to Alzheimer\u2019s pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 143, 75\u201391 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1088_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114754","volume":"192","author":"K Takata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takata, K., Ginhoux, F. & Shimohama, S. Roles of microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and impact of new findings on microglial heterogeneity as a target for therapeutic intervention. Biochem. Pharmacol. 192, 114754 (2021).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1088_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01854-5","volume":"25","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heneka, M. T. TREM1 is the new kid on the block for the aging-associated innate immune response and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Immunol. 25, 938\u2013940 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1088_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","volume":"14","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heneka, M. T. et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 14, 388\u2013405 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102","volume":"16","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heneka, M. T., Golenbock, D. T. & Latz, E. Innate immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Immunol. 16, 229\u2013236 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1088_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00310-z","volume":"2","author":"JB Pereira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pereira, J. B. et al. Microglial activation protects against accumulation of tau aggregates in nondemented individuals with underlying Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Nat. Aging 2, 1138\u20131144 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"1088_CR11","unstructured":"Heneka, M. T. et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 25, 321\u2212352 (2024)."},{"key":"1088_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107843","volume":"31","author":"K Srinivasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srinivasan, K. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s patient microglia exhibit enhanced aging and unique transcriptional activation. Cell Rep. 31, 107843 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1088_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.38","volume":"10","author":"VH Perry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perry, V. H. & Holmes, C. Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 217\u2013224 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00402-3","volume":"13","author":"C Rim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rim, C., You, M. J., Nahm, M. & Kwon, M. S. Emerging role of senescent microglia in brain aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Transl. Neurodegener. 13, 10 (2024).","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"1088_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4597","volume":"20","author":"TF Galatro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galatro, T. F. et al. Transcriptomic analysis of purified human cortical microglia reveals age-associated changes. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1162\u20131171 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosselin, D. et al. An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity. Science 356, eaal3222 (2017).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3222"},{"key":"1088_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07871-6","volume":"633","author":"GS Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green, G. S. et al. Cellular communities reveal trajectories of brain ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 633, 634\u2013645 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1088_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19737-2","volume":"11","author":"M Olah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olah, M. et al. Single cell RNA sequencing of human microglia uncovers a subset associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 11, 6129 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1088_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","volume":"110","author":"RC Paolicelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R. C. et al. Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads. Neuron 110, 3458\u20133483 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1088_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshe, V. S. et al. A factor-based analysis of individual human microglia uncovers regulators of an Alzheimer-related transcriptional signature. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.03.27.641500 (2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.27.641500"},{"key":"1088_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.039","volume":"21","author":"H Mathys","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathys, H. et al. Temporal tracking of microglia activation in neurodegeneration at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep. 21, 366\u2013380 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1088_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","volume":"8","author":"C Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, C., Jiang, J., Tan, Y. & Chen, S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 359 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"1088_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02263-w","volume":"141","author":"E Gerrits","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerrits, E. et al. Distinct amyloid-\u03b2 and tau-associated microglia profiles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 141, 681\u2013696 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1088_CR24","first-page":"792","volume":"140","author":"Z Fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Brooks, D. J., Okello, A. & Edison, P. An early and late peak in microglial activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease trajectory. Brain 140, 792\u2013803 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1088_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54779-w","volume":"15","author":"N Baligacs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baligacs, N. et al. Homeostatic microglia initially seed and activated microglia later reshape amyloid plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 15, 10634 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1088_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211851","volume":"368","author":"R Guerreiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerreiro, R. et al. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 117\u2013127 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1088_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02796-9","volume":"20","author":"AHYS Hok","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hok, A. H. Y. S. et al. Neuroinflammatory CSF biomarkers MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 show dynamic expression profiles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neuroinflammation 20, 107 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1088_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280257","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1280257","volume":"11","author":"W Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, W., Huang, J., Huang, N. & Luo, Y. The role of TREM2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from the perspective of Tau. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 11, 1280257 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"1088_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369ra178","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1767","volume":"8","author":"M Suarez-Calvet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suarez-Calvet, M. et al. Early changes in CSF sTREM2 in dominantly inherited Alzheimer\u2019s disease occur after amyloid deposition and neuronal injury. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 369ra178(2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1088_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506123","volume":"8","author":"M Suarez-Calvet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suarez-Calvet, M. et al. sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease and associate with neuronal injury markers. EMBO Mol. Med. 8, 466\u2013476 (2016).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"1088_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00027-8","volume":"21","author":"E Morenas-Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morenas-Rodriguez, E. et al. Soluble TREM2 in CSF and its association with other biomarkers and cognition in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Neurol. 21, 329\u2013341 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.07.018","volume":"16","author":"F Brosseron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brosseron, F. et al. Multicenter Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease immune biomarker verification study. Alzheimers Dement. 16, 292\u2013304 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"1088_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0353-3","volume":"10","author":"F Brosseron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brosseron, F. et al. Characterization and clinical use of inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid protein markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10, 25 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"1088_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03197-2","volume":"21","author":"F Mulenge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mulenge, F. et al. Transcriptomic analysis unveils bona fide molecular signatures of microglia under conditions of homeostasis and viral encephalitis. J. Neuroinflammation 21, 203 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1088_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00300-1","volume":"2","author":"M Del Campo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Del Campo, M. et al. CSF proteome profiling across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease spectrum reflects the multifactorial nature of the disease and identifies specific biomarker panels. Nat. Aging 2, 1040\u20131053 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"1088_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41122-y","volume":"14","author":"M Del Campo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Del Campo, M. et al. CSF proteome profiling reveals biomarkers to discriminate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer s disease. Nat. Commun. 14, 5635 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1088_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hok-A-Hin, Y. S. et al. Large-scale CSF proteome profiling identifies biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia. Mol Neurodegener 20, 93 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-025-00882-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00882-5"},{"key":"1088_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad213","volume":"146","author":"EL van der Ende","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Ende, E. L. et al. CSF proteomics in autosomal dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease highlights parallels with sporadic disease. Brain 146, 4495\u20134507 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1088_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac024","volume":"145","author":"PV Martino Adami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martino Adami, P. V. et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 is linked to the risk of progression to dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type. Brain 145, 2507\u20132517 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1088_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichet Binette, A. et al. Proteomic changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease associated with progressive A\u03b2 plaque and tau tangle pathologies. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1880\u22121891 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01737-w"},{"key":"1088_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8471","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4654-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"GD Manocha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manocha, G. D. et al. APP regulates microglial phenotype in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. 36, 8471\u20138486 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264402","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1264402","volume":"17","author":"P de Gea","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Gea, P. et al. VEGF controls microglial phagocytic response to amyloid-\u03b2. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 17, 1264402 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38045-w","volume":"9","author":"WY Tjong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tjong, W. Y. & Lin, H. H. The RGD motif is involved in CD97\/ADGRE5-promoted cell adhesion and viability of HT1080 cells. Sci. Rep. 9, 1517 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1088_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuddenham, J. F. et al. A cross-disease resource of living human microglia identifies disease-enriched subsets and tool compounds recapitulating microglial states. Nat Neurosci 27, 2521\u20132537 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01764-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01764-7"},{"key":"1088_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","volume":"47","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szklarczyk, D. et al. STRING v11: protein\u2212protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D607\u2013D613 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1088_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01924-6","volume":"8","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, Y. et al. Multiplex cerebrospinal fluid proteomics identifies biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8, 2047\u20132066 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"1088_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higginbotham, L. et al. Integrated proteomics reveals brain-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz9360 (2020).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.94.15_supplement.4738"},{"key":"1088_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0795-2","volume":"7","author":"CD Whelan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whelan, C. D. et al. Multiplex proteomics identifies novel CSF and plasma biomarkers of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 7, 169 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"1088_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.02.014","volume":"113","author":"M Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, M. et al. Multi-cohort cerebrospinal fluid proteomics identifies robust molecular signatures across the Alzheimer disease continuum. Neuron 113, 1363\u20131379 (2025).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1088_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnrt.2023.100042","volume":"11","author":"J Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, J. et al. The effect of CX3CL1\/ CX3CR1 signal axis on microglia in central nervous system diseases. J. Neurorestoratol. 11, 100042 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurorestoratol."},{"key":"1088_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112196","volume":"42","author":"S Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, S. et al. APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge. Cell Rep. 42, 112196 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1088_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02203-w","volume":"26","author":"D Mrdjen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mrdjen, D. et al. Spatial proteomics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-specific human microglial states. Nat. Immunol. 26, 1397\u20131410 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1088_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92540-5","volume":"15","author":"F Gelir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gelir, F. et al. Characterizing heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression: a semiparametric model. Sci. Rep. 15, 7660 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1088_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","volume":"20","author":"CR Jack Jr.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. Jr. et al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 5143\u20135169 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"1088_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Krasemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krasemann, S. et al. The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 47, 566\u2013581 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1088_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01600-y","volume":"27","author":"R Mancuso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mancuso, R. et al. Xenografted human microglia display diverse transcriptomic states in response to Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related amyloid-beta pathology. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 886\u2013900 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263310552211092","DOI":"10.1177\/26331055221109254","volume":"17","author":"M Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali, M. & Bracko, O. VEGF paradoxically reduces cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice. Neurosci. Insights 17, 26331055221109254 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"1088_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.07.023","volume":"217","author":"M Aiyaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aiyaz, M., Lupton, M. K., Proitsi, P., Powell, J. F. & Lovestone, S. Complement activation as a biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Immunobiology 217, 204\u2013215 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"1088_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","volume":"8","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Xiao, D., Mao, Q. & Xia, H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 267 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"1088_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12342","volume":"17","author":"DG Morgan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morgan, D. G. & Mielke, M. M. Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer\u2019s disease immune biomarker research. Alzheimers Dement. 17, 2030\u20132042 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"1088_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.07.012","volume":"30","author":"MR DiStasi","year":"2009","unstructured":"DiStasi, M. R. & Ley, K. Opening the flood-gates: how neutrophil-endothelial interactions regulate permeability. Trends Immunol. 30, 547\u2013556 (2009).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1088_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-024-00445-0","volume":"21","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun. Ageing 21, 38 (2024).","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"1088_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00574-4","volume":"17","author":"AC Raulin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raulin, A. C. et al. ApoE in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol. Neurodegener. 17, 72 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"1088_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112328","volume":"135","author":"R Arfaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arfaei, R. et al. Decoding the role of the CCL2\/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: keeping all options open. Int. Immunopharmacol. 135, 112328 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"1088_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02047-1","volume":"72","author":"J Wojcieszak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wojcieszak, J., Kuczynska, K. & Zawilska, J. B. Role of chemokines in the development and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 72, 1929\u20131951 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0258-4","volume":"21","author":"C Buccitelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buccitelli, C. & Selbach, M. mRNAs, proteins and the emerging principles of gene expression control. Nat. Rev. Genet. 21, 630\u2013644 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"1088_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0844-1","volume":"26","author":"M Slyper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slyper, M. et al. A single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq toolbox for fresh and frozen human tumors. Nat. Med. 26, 792\u2013802 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1088_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.014","volume":"165","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Beyer, A. & Aebersold, R. On the dependency of cellular protein levels on mRNA abundance. Cell 165, 535\u2013550 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1088_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.015","volume":"30","author":"AJ Farrall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Farrall, A. J. & Wardlaw, J. M. Blood\u2212brain barrier: ageing and microvascular disease \u2212 systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol. Aging 30, 337\u2013352 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1088_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","volume":"17","author":"MK Rasmussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen, M. K., Mestre, H. & Nedergaard, M. The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 17, 1016\u20131024 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.01.023","volume":"159","author":"NG Frangogiannis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frangogiannis, N. G. Biomarkers: hopes and challenges in the path from discovery to clinical practice. Transl. Res. 159, 197\u2013204 (2012).","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"1088_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1235","volume":"24","author":"N Rifai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rifai, N., Gillette, M. A. & Carr, S. A. Protein biomarker discovery and validation: the long and uncertain path to clinical utility. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 971\u2013983 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1088_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170850","volume":"62","author":"WM van der Flier","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Flier, W. M. & Scheltens, P. Amsterdam Dementia Cohort: performing research to optimize care. J. Alzheimers Dis. 62, 1091\u20131111 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"1088_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","volume":"7","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert, M. S. et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 270\u2013279 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"1088_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann, G. M. et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7, 263\u2013269 (2011).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"1088_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00713-3","volume":"13","author":"FH Duits","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duits, F. H. et al. Four subgroups based on tau levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease observed in two independent cohorts. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 13, 2 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"1088_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.26","volume":"69","author":"DJ Irwin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Irwin, D. J. et al. Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau and A\u03b2 1-42 in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal degeneration using 2 analytical platforms. Arch. Neurol. 69, 1018\u20131025 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.08.006","volume":"10","author":"EAJ Willemse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Willemse, E. A. J. et al. Diagnostic performance of Elecsys immunoassays for cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers in a nonacademic, multicenter memory clinic cohort: the ABIDE project. Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.) 10, 563\u2013572 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.)"},{"key":"1088_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12456","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12456","volume":"15","author":"AHYS Hok","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hok, A. H. Y. S. et al. Thimet oligopeptidase as a potential CSF biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a cross-platform validation study. Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.) 15, e12456 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.)"},{"key":"1088_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009160","volume":"17","author":"J Jao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jao, J. & Ciernia, A. V. MGEnrichment: a web application for microglia gene list enrichment analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009160 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1088_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00016","volume":"10","author":"NG Skene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skene, N. G. & Grant, S. G. Identification of vulnerable cell types in major brain disorders using single cell transcriptomes and expression weighted cell type enrichment. Front. Neurosci. 10, 16 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1088_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4407","volume":"14","author":"N Habib","year":"2017","unstructured":"Habib, N. et al. Massively parallel single-nucleus RNA-seq with DroNc-seq. Nat. Methods 14, 955\u2013958 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1088_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0314-2","volume":"10","author":"F Jessen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jessen, F. et al. Design and first baseline data of the DZNE multicenter observational study on predementia Alzheimer\u2019s disease (DELCODE). Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10, 15 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"1088_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.274","volume":"3","author":"S Janelidze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Janelidze, S. et al. CSF A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 and A\u03b242\/Ab\u03b238 ratios: better diagnostic markers of Alzheimer disease. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 3, 154\u2013165 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"1088_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa325","volume":"143","author":"BM Tijms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tijms, B. M. et al. Pathophysiological subtypes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on cerebrospinal fluid proteomics. Brain 143, 3776\u20133792 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1088_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","volume":"89","author":"IG McKeith","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKeith, I. G. et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 89, 88\u2013100 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1088_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0237-2","volume":"114","author":"NJ Cairns","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cairns, N. J. et al. Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 114, 5\u201322 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1088_CR88","first-page":"100141","volume":"2","author":"T Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, T. et al. clusterProfiler 4.0: a universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data. Innovation (Camb.) 2, 100141 (2021).","journal-title":"Innovation (Camb.)"},{"key":"1088_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8557","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20188557","volume":"15","author":"HM Levitin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levitin, H. M. et al. De novo gene signature identification from single-cell RNA-seq with hierarchical Poisson factorization. Mol. Syst. Biol. 15, e8557 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"1088_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levitin, H. M., Zhao, W., Bruce, J. N., Canoll, P. & Sims, P. A. Consensus scHPF identifies cell type-specific drug responses in glioma by integrating large-scale scRNA-seq. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.12.05.570193 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.05.570193"},{"key":"1088_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","volume":"51","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szklarczyk, D. et al. The STRING database in 2023: protein\u2212protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D638\u2013D646 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43587-026-01088-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43587-026-01088-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43587-026-01088-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:01:38Z","timestamp":1774029698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43587-026-01088-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43587-026-01088-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-8465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-8465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.C.P. is supported by the NIH, SPARK-NS, the Parker Family Chair and the Lipman Fund. She has received consulting fees for serving on the scientific advisory board of Novartis Neuroscience. She receives royalties as an inventor of a patent held by the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia on therapies to treat frontotemporal dementia. As of 11 January 2025, W.M.v.d.F. is executive director at Alzheimer Nederland in Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Before 1 November 2025, research programs of W.M.v.d.F. were funded by ZonMW, NWO, EU-JPND, EU-IHI, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health~Holland (Topsector Life Sciences & Health), Stichting Dioraphte, the Noaber Foundation, Pieter Houbolt Fonds, Gieskes-Strijbis Fonds, Stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw Fonds, Pasman Stichting, Philips, Biogen, Novartis NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Eli Lilly NL, Fujifilm, Eisai and Combinostics. W.M.v.d.F. is a recipient of ABOARD, which is a public\u2212private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (no. 73305095007) and Health~Holland (Topsector Life Sciences & Health) (PPP allowance; no. LSHM20106). Before 11 January 2025, W.M.v.d.F. was an invited speaker at Biogen, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), Novo Nordisk, Springer Healthcare and the European Brain Council. W.M.v.d.F. has been a consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, Biogen, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Owkin France and Nationale Nederlanden Ventures. W.M.v.d.F. has participated in advisory boards of Biogen, Roche and Eli Lilly. All funding is paid to her institution. In 2024\u22122025, W.M.v.d.F. was a member of the steering committee of the phase 3 EVOKE\/EVOKE+ studies (Novo Nordisk). In 2025, W.M.v.d.F. was a member of the steering committee of the phase 3 trontinemab study (Roche). All funding has been paid to Amsterdam UMC. In 2020\u22122021, W.M.v.d.F. was an associate editor of\n                      Alzheimer\n                      \u02bcs Research & Therapy\n                      . In 2021\u22122025, W.M.v.d.F. was an associate editor of\n                      Brain\n                      . W.M.v.d.F. is chair of the Scientific Leadership Group of InRAD. W.M.v.d.F. is a member of the Supervisory Board (Raad van Toezicht) of the Trimbos Instituut. S.T. served on advisory boards of Eli Lilly, Eisai and GE Healthcare. He was member of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board of the ENVISION study (Biogen). K.B. has received payment or honoraria for lectures from Eisai and was supported for attending meetings by Eli Lilly Deutschland and Novo Nordisk. J.W. has received consulting fees from Immunogenetics, Noselab and Roboscreen; has received payment or honoraria for lectures from Beeijing Yibai Science and Technology, Gloryren, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Med Update GmbH, Roche Pharma and Eli Lilly; is on the advisory board of Biogen, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Roche; and has a fiduciary role with the Working Group for Neuropsychopharmacology and Pharmacopsychiatry (AGNP), the German Society for CSF Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry (DGLN), the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN), Deutsche Hirnliga and the CSF Society. M.C. has been an invited speaker at Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has been an invited writer for Springer Healthcare. She is an associate editor at\n                      Alzheimer\n                      \u02bcs Research & Therapy\n                      and a scientific advisor of the Michael J. Fox Foundation. C.E.T. has research contracts with Acumen, ADx Neurosciences, AC-Immune, Alamar, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, C2N Diagnostics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Muna, Nitrase Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Sysmex, Toyama, Vaccinex and Vivoryon. She is editor-in-chief of\n                      Alzheimer\n                      \u02bcs Research & Therapy\n                      ; serves on the editorial boards of\n                      Molecular Neurodegeneration\n                      ,\n                      Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia\n                      ,\n                      Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation\n                      and Medidact Neurologie\/Springer; and is a committee member to define guidelines for cognitive disturbances and one for acute neurology in The Netherlands. She has consultancy\/speaker contracts with Aribio, Biogen, Beckman Coulter, Cognition Therapeutics, Danaher, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Neurogen Biomarking, Nordic Biosciences, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Olink, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi and Veravas. D.J.I. receives research funding from the NIH, the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the Lewy Body Dementia Association and research funding paid to the institution for clinical trials by Alector, Cervo Med, Denali, Passage Bio and Prevail. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}