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Here we investigated the Rhabdochlamydiaceae, which is predicted to be the largest and most diverse chlamydial family, with the few described members known to infect arthropod hosts. Using published 16\u2009S rRNA gene sequence data we identified at least 388 genus-level lineages containing about 14 051 putative species within this family. We show that rhabdochlamydiae are mainly found in freshwater and soil environments, suggesting the existence of diverse, yet unknown hosts. Next, we used a comprehensive genome dataset including metagenome assembled genomes classified as members of the family Rhabdochlamydiaceae, and we added novel complete genome sequences of Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis infecting the woodlouse Porcellio scaber, and of \u2018Candidatus R. oedothoracis\u2019 associated with the linyphiid dwarf spider Oedothorax gibbosus. Comparative analysis of basic genome features and gene content with reference genomes of well-studied chlamydial families with known host ranges, namely Parachlamydiaceae (protist hosts) and Chlamydiaceae (human and other vertebrate hosts) suggested distinct niches for members of the Rhabdochlamydiaceae. We propose that members of the family represent intermediate stages of adaptation of chlamydiae from protists to vertebrate hosts. Within the genus Rhabdochlamydia, pronounced genome size reduction could be observed (1.49\u20131.93\u2009Mb). The abundance and genomic distribution of transposases suggests transposable element expansion and subsequent gene inactivation as a mechanism of genome streamlining during adaptation to new hosts. This type of genome reduction has never been described before for any member of the phylum Chlamydiae. This study provides new insights into the molecular ecology, genomic diversity, and evolution of representatives of one of the most divergent chlamydial families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00124-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T03:02:59Z","timestamp":1653361379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Ecology and evolution of chlamydial symbionts of arthropods"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Halter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6710-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"K\u00f6stlbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4100-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Collingro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5607-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara S","family":"Sixt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena R","family":"T\u00f6nshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich (ETH) , Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Hendrickx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rok","family":"Kostanj\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, 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