{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:33:56Z","timestamp":1788878036758,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mpox virus (MPXV), previously known as monkeypox virus, has spread globally in 2022. An accurate and convenient antibody test is essential for the determination of seroprevalence and for studying immune response after natural infection or vaccination. Most seroprevalence\u00a0or vaccine studies used either live MPXV (or vaccinia virus [VACV]) or inactivated MPXV (or VACV) culture lysate for serological assays, but MPXV culture can only be performed in biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facilities. Here, we developed and evaluated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on the MPXV A29 surface envelope protein.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We compared the specificity of the MPXV A29, VACV A27, and VACV lysate EIA using serum specimens collected prior to the global spread of MPXV. Next, we performed these EIAs for serum specimens collected from two mpox patients and an MVA-BN vaccine recipient. We also assessed the kinetics of plasmblast and MPXV A29-specific B-cell response.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using sera collected from different age groups in Hong Kong, we found that most individuals, including those born before 1981 who have received the smallpox vaccine, tested negative using the MPXV A29 protein. MPXV A29-specific antibody could be detected in the serum of mpox patients and an MVA-BN recipient. In a mpox patient, the frequency of plasmablast and MPXV A29-specific B cell peaked on day 8 post-symptom onset and gradually decreased. Finally, we demonstrated that antibodies against the A29 protein can be used for immunofluorescence staining of MPXV-infected cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MPXV A29 protein is suitable for studying the immune response against MPXV infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00403-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T13:05:29Z","timestamp":1700658329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Determination of seroprevalence and kinetics of humoral response using mpox virus A29 protein"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jian-Piao","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-Ming","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Raymond","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Yee-Ki","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Chi-Chung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1771-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwok-Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Fan-Ngai","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Ho-Yan","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin Kai-Wang","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12513","volume":"328","author":"JB Nuzzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuzzo, J. B., Borio, L. L. & Gostin, L. O. The WHO declaration of monkeypox as a global public health emergency. JAMA 328, 615\u2013617 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaeck, L. M. et al. Low levels of monkeypox virus-neutralizing antibodies after MVA-BN vaccination in healthy individuals. Nat. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-02090-w (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02090-w"},{"key":"403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.071044","volume":"14","author":"ME Dubois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubois, M. E. & Slifka, M. K. Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 592\u2013599 (2008).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1150","volume":"77","author":"ER Lederman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lederman, E. R. et al. Prevalence of antibodies against orthopoxviruses among residents of Likouala region, Republic of Congo: evidence for monkeypox virus exposure. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 1150\u20131156 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0779","volume":"12","author":"ME Dubois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubois, M. E., Hammarlund, E. & Slifka, M. K. Optimization of peptide-based ELISA for serological diagnostics: a retrospective study of human monkeypox infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 400\u2013409 (2012).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.52.1.290-292.1984","volume":"52","author":"LF Roumillat","year":"1984","unstructured":"Roumillat, L. F., Patton, J. L. & Davis, M. L. Monoclonal antibodies to a monkeypox virus polypeptide determinant. J. Virol. 52, 290\u2013292 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.06.039","volume":"464\u2013465","author":"LJ Hughes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes, L. J. et al. A highly specific monoclonal antibody against monkeypox virus detects the heparin binding domain of A27. Virology 464\u2013465, 264\u2013273 (2014).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.049","volume":"167","author":"I Gilchuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilchuk, I. et al. Cross-neutralizing and protective human antibody specificities to poxvirus infections. Cell 167, 684\u2013694.e689 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.003","author":"A Grifoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grifoni, A. et al. Defining antigen targets to dissect vaccinia virus and mpox virus-specific T cell responses in humans. Cell Host Microbe https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.003 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30053-7","volume":"1","author":"KK To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To, K. K. et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong and in residents evacuated from Hubei province, China: a multicohort study. Lancet Microbe 1, e111\u2013e118 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2146910","volume":"18","author":"KH Chiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiu, K. H. et al. The first case of monkeypox in Hong Kong presenting as infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 18, 1, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2022.2146910 (2022).","journal-title":"Emerg. 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Immunoassays based on Penicillium marneffei Mp1p derived from Pichia pastoris expression system for diagnosis of penicilliosis. PLoS ONE 6, e28796 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30004-5","volume":"1","author":"H Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu, H. et al. Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study. Lancet Microbe 1, e14\u2013e23 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02370","volume":"9","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Co-stimulation with TLR7 agonist imiquimod and inactivated influenza virus particles promotes mouse B cell activation, differentiation, and accelerated antigen specific antibody production. Front. Immunol. 9, 2370 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30053-7","author":"KK To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To, K. K. et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and our returnees evacuated from Hubei province of China: a multi-cohort study. Lancet Microbe https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30053-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"abm0829","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829","volume":"374","author":"RR Goel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goel, R. R. et al. mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Science 374, abm0829 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"403_CR19","unstructured":"Centre for Health Protection. Consensus Interim Recommendations on the Use of Monkeypox Vaccines in Hong Kong (As of 16 June 2022). Available at https:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/files\/pdf\/consensus_interim_recommendations_on_the_use_of_monkeypox_vaccines_in_hong_kong_16_june_2022.pdf. Accessed on 1 April 2023 (2022)."},{"key":"403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00291-9","author":"B Hernaez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hernaez, B. et al. Monitoring monkeypox virus in saliva and air samples in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Microbe https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00291-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-023-00403-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-023-00403-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-023-00403-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T13:06:32Z","timestamp":1700658392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-023-00403-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-023-00403-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"168"}}