{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:43:19Z","timestamp":1782189799032,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH121868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH121868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB027585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB027585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD095861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD095861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG060942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG060942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sensory changes due to aging or disease can impact brain tissue. This study aims to investigate the link between glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, and alterations in brain connections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed diffusion MRI measurements of white matter tissue in a large group, consisting of 905 glaucoma patients (aged 49-80) and 5292 healthy individuals (aged 45-80) from the UK Biobank. Confounds due to group differences were mitigated by matching a sub-sample of controls to glaucoma subjects. We compared classification of glaucoma using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) focusing on the optic radiations, which are the primary visual connection to the cortex, against those analyzing non-visual brain connections. As a control, we evaluated the performance of regularized linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that CNNs using information from the optic radiations exhibited higher accuracy in classifying subjects with glaucoma when contrasted with CNNs relying on information from non-visual brain connections. Regularized linear regression models were also tested, and showed significantly weaker classification performance. Additionally, the CNN was unable to generalize to the classification of age-group or of age-related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate a distinct and potentially non-linear signature of glaucoma in the tissue properties of optic radiations. This study enhances our understanding of how glaucoma affects brain tissue and opens avenues for further research into how diseases that affect sensory input may also affect brain aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00496-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T14:01:55Z","timestamp":1712844115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Convolutional neural network-based classification of glaucoma using optic radiation tissue properties"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kruper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Richie-Halford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah C.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sendy","family":"Caffarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Yeatman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Rokem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denize","family":"Atan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Balaskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Barman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasanee","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Carare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Doney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Fruttiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gallacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Garway-Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Guggenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Hardcastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirro","family":"Hysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearse","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng Tee","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerassimos","family":"Lascaratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Littlejohns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lotery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Luthert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Madhusudhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"McGuinness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"McKibbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Oram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tunde","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Pontikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jugnoo","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Sergouniotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Sivaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Strouthidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathie","family":"Sudlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Tapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanes","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mervyn","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Trucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Tufail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananth","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Vitart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Weedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Woodside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","volume":"121","author":"Y-C Tham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tham, Y.-C. et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 121, 2081\u20132090 (2014).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"496_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2758","volume":"11","author":"LB Merabet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merabet, L. B. & Pascual-Leone, A. Neural reorganization following sensory loss: The opportunity of change. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 44\u201352 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn848","volume":"3","author":"D Bavelier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bavelier, D. & Neville, H. J. Cross-modal plasticity: where and how? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 443\u2013452 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ORSF60","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12716","volume":"54","author":"J Caprioli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caprioli, J. Glaucoma: a disease of early cellular senescence. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, ORSF60\u20137 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"496_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013815","volume":"39","author":"BA Wandell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wandell, B. A. Clarifying human white matter. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 39, 103\u2013128 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630898","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.630898","volume":"15","author":"S Haykal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haykal, S., Jansonius, N. M. & Cornelissen, F. W. Progression of visual pathway degeneration in primary Open-Angle glaucoma: A longitudinal study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15, 630898 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85602-x","volume":"11","author":"S Hanekamp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanekamp, S. et al. White matter alterations in glaucoma and monocular blindness differ outside the visual system. Sci. Rep. 11, 6866 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"496_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030454","volume":"11","author":"M Mendoza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendoza, M., Shotbolt, M., Faiq, M. A., Parra, C. & Chan, K. C. Advanced diffusion MRI of the visual system in glaucoma: From experimental animal models to humans. Biology 11, 454 (2022).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"496_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolacchi, F. et al. Differences between Proximal versus Distal Intraorbital Optic Nerve Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Properties in Glaucoma Patients. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53, 4191\u20134196 (2012).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9345"},{"key":"496_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2522081240","volume":"252","author":"FG Garaci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garaci, F. G. et al. Optic nerve and optic radiation neurodegeneration in patients with glaucoma: in vivo analysis with 3-T diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 252, 496\u2013501 (2009).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"496_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00363","volume":"12","author":"R Nuzzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nuzzi, R., Dallorto, L. & Rolle, T. Changes of visual pathway and brain connectivity in glaucoma: A systematic review. Front. Neurosci. 12, 363 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp119","volume":"132","author":"CC Boucard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boucard, C. C. et al. Changes in cortical grey matter density associated with long-standing retinal visual field defects. Brain 132, 1898\u20131906 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"496_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23330","volume":"37","author":"P Frezzotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frezzotti, P., Giorgio, A., Toto, F., De Leucio, A. & De Stefano, N. Early changes of brain connectivity in primary open angle glaucoma. Hum. Brain Mapp. 37, 4581\u20134596 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"496_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23862","volume":"39","author":"A Giorgio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giorgio, A., Zhang, J., Costantino, F., De Stefano, N. & Frezzotti, P. Diffuse brain damage in normal tension glaucoma. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39, 532\u2013541 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"496_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2714","volume":"33","author":"AK Zikou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zikou, A. K. et al. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging of the optic pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma: a preliminary study. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 33, 128\u2013134 (2012).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"496_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049790","volume":"7","author":"JD Yeatman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeatman, J. D., Dougherty, R. F., Myall, N. J., Wandell, B. A. & Feldman, H. M. Tract profiles of white matter properties: Automating fiber-tract quantification. PLoS One 7, e49790 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"496_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20508","volume":"53","author":"JH Jensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jensen, J. H., Helpern, J. A., Ramani, A., Lu, H. & Kaczynski, K. Diffusional kurtosis imaging: the quantification of non-gaussian water diffusion by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 53, 1432\u20131440 (2005).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"496_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675433","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.675433","volume":"15","author":"RN Henriques","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henriques, R. N. et al. Diffusional kurtosis imaging in the diffusion imaging in python project. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15, 675433 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910360419","volume":"36","author":"C Beaulieu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beaulieu, C., Does, M. D., Snyder, R. E. & Allen, P. S. Changes in water diffusion due to wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve. Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 627\u2013631 (1996).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"496_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150253","volume":"48","author":"H Struyfs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Struyfs, H. et al. Diffusion kurtosis imaging: A possible MRI biomarker for AD diagnosis? J. Alzheimers. Dis. 48, 937\u2013948 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"496_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.657742","volume":"43","author":"ES Hui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hui, E. S. et al. Stroke assessment with diffusional kurtosis imaging. Stroke 43, 2968\u20132973 (2012).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"496_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. & Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 521, 436\u2013444 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"496_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow, C. et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12, e1001779 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"496_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529684","volume":"29","author":"DB Rubin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rubin, D. B. Matching to remove bias in observational studies. Biometrics 29, 159\u2013183 (1973).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"496_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruper, J. et al. Evaluating the Reliability of Human Brain White Matter Tractometry. Apert Neuro. 1, 1\u201325 (2021).","DOI":"10.52294\/e6198273-b8e3-4b63-babb-6e6b0da10669"},{"key":"496_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034","volume":"166","author":"F Alfaro-Almagro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alfaro-Almagro, F. et al. Image processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank. Neuroimage 166, 400\u2013424 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"496_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","volume":"19","author":"KL Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, K. L. et al. Multimodal population brain imaging in the UK Biobank prospective epidemiological study. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1523\u20131536 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"496_CR28","unstructured":"Mahalanobis, P.C. On the Generalized Distance in Statistics. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India 2, 49\u201355 (1936)."},{"key":"496_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.157","volume":"29","author":"Y Shweikh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shweikh, Y. et al. Measures of socioeconomic status and self-reported glaucoma in the UK biobank cohort. Eye 29, 1360\u20131367 (2015).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"496_CR30","first-page":"234","volume":"38","author":"D Black","year":"1988","unstructured":"Black, D. Health and deprivation: Inequality and the north. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract. 38, 234 (1988).","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"496_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virtanen, P. et al. SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python. Nat. Methods 17, 261\u2013272 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"496_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.140952","volume":"52","author":"DF Crouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crouse, D. F. On implementing 2D rectangular assignment algorithms. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 52, 1679\u20131696 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"496_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.053","volume":"39","author":"K Hua","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hua, K. et al. Tract probability maps in stereotaxic spaces: analyses of white matter anatomy and tract-specific quantification. Neuroimage 39, 336\u2013347 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"496_CR34","unstructured":"Rokem, A et al. GPU\u2010accelerated diffusion MRI tractography in DIPY. Presented at the: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2021)."},{"key":"496_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25654","volume":"42","author":"S Caffarra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caffarra, S. et al. Development of the visual white matter pathways mediates development of electrophysiological responses in visual cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 5785\u20135797 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"496_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.07.013","volume":"254","author":"M Joliot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joliot, M. et al. AICHA: An atlas of intrinsic connectivity of homotopic areas. J. Neurosci. Methods 254, 46\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"496_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00008","volume":"8","author":"E Garyfallidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garyfallidis, E. et al. Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data. Front. Neuroinform. 8, 8 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"496_CR38","unstructured":"Fawaz, H. I., Forestier, G., Weber, J., Idoumghar, L. & Muller, P.-A. Data augmentation using synthetic data for time series classification with deep residual networks. International Workshop on Advanced Analytics and Learning on Temporal Data, ECML\/PKDD 1808.02455 (2018)."},{"key":"496_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. and Sun, J. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"496_CR40","unstructured":"Richie Halford, A., Yeatman, J., Simon, N. & Rokem, A. Multidimensional analysis and detection of informative features in diffusion MRI measurements of human white matter. bioRxiv https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2019\/12\/20\/2019.12.19.882928 (2019)."},{"key":"496_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570310497657","volume":"103","author":"ML Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown, M. L. & Kros, J. F. Data mining and the impact of missing data. Ind. Manag. Data Syst. 103, 611\u2013621 (2003).","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"496_CR42","unstructured":"Fan, R. E., Chang, K. W., Hsieh, C. J., Wang, X. R. & Lin, C. J. LIBLINEAR: A Library for Large Linear Classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 1871\u20131874 (2008)."},{"key":"496_CR43","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"496_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong, E. R., DeLong, D. M. & Clarke-Pearson, D. L. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 44, 837\u2013845 (1988).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"496_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"496_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1961.10482090","volume":"56","author":"OJ Dunn","year":"1961","unstructured":"Dunn, O. J. Multiple comparisons among means. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 56, 52\u201364 (1961).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"496_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.12.029","volume":"159","author":"JV Carter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carter, J. V., Pan, J., Rai, S. N. & Galandiuk, S. Roc-ing along: Evaluation and interpretation of receiver operating characteristic curves. Surgery 159, 1638\u20131645 (2016).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"496_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruper, J. et al. UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium. Optic radiations representing different eccentricities age differently. Hum Brain Mapp. 44, 3123\u20133135 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26267"},{"key":"496_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.04.021","volume":"231","author":"P Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta, P. et al. Automated detection of glaucoma with interpretable machine learning using clinical data and multimodal retinal images. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 231, 154\u2013169 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"496_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081","volume":"73","author":"DK Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, D. K., Kn\u00f6sche, T. R. & Turner, R. White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of diffusion MRI. Neuroimage 73, 239\u2013254 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"496_CR51","unstructured":"Lipton, Z. C. The doctor just won\u2019t accept that! NIPS 2017 Interpretable ML Symposium 1711.08037 (2017)."},{"key":"496_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rokem, A., Qiao, J., Yeatman, J. D. & Richie-Halford, A. Incremental improvements in tractometry-based brain-age modeling with deep learning https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.03.02.530885v1 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.02.530885"},{"key":"496_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000641","volume":"26","author":"W Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, W. et al. Retinotopic fMRI reveals visual dysfunction and functional reorganization in the visual cortex of mild to moderate glaucoma patients. J. Glaucoma 26, 430\u2013437 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"496_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4834","volume":"51","author":"G Qing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qing, G., Zhang, S., Wang, B. & Wang, N. Functional MRI signal changes in primary visual cortex corresponding to the central normal visual field of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 4627\u20134634 (2010).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"496_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.10.001","volume":"26","author":"RO Duncan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duncan, R. O., Sample, P. A., Weinreb, R. N., Bowd, C. & Zangwill, L. M. Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex in glaucoma: Comparing fMRI measurements of cortical function with visual field loss. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 26, 38\u201356 (2007).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"496_CR56","first-page":"2382","volume":"9","author":"E Kosior-Jarecka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kosior-Jarecka, E. et al. Volume of lateral geniculate nucleus in patients with glaucoma in 7tesla MRI. J. Clin. Med. Res. 9, 2382 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"496_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0836-x","volume":"34","author":"S Sen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sen, S., Saxena, R., Tripathi, M., Vibha, D. & Dhiman, R. Neurodegeneration in alzheimer\u2019s disease and glaucoma: overlaps and missing links. Eye 34, 1546\u20131553 (2020).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"496_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-28346","volume":"60","author":"SYL Chua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chua, S. Y. L. et al. The relationship between ambient atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and glaucoma in a large community cohort. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 60, 4915\u20134923 (2019).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"496_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30449-1","volume":"103","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., Smith, W., Attebo, K. & Healey, P. R. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in australia. the blue mountains eye study. Ophthalmology 103, 1661\u20131669 (1996).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"496_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31090-6","volume":"101","author":"I Dielemans","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dielemans, I. et al. The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a population-based study in the netherlands. the rotterdam study. Ophthalmology 101, 1851\u20131855 (1994).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"496_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470030069026","volume":"266","author":"JM Tielsch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tielsch, J. M. et al. Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. the baltimore eye survey. JAMA 266, 369\u2013374 (1991).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"496_CR62","unstructured":"Automatic fast and reliable recognition of a small brain white matter bundle, vol. 13722 of LNCS (Springer Cham, 2023)."},{"key":"496_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123272","volume":"10","author":"A Rokem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rokem, A. et al. Evaluating the accuracy of diffusion MRI models in white matter. PLoS ONE 10, e0123272 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"496_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27101","volume":"79","author":"DS Novikov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Novikov, D. S., Kiselev, V. G. & Jespersen, S. N. On modeling. Magn. Reson. Med. 79, 3172\u20133193 (2018).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"496_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","volume":"61","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Schneider, T., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. & Alexander, D. C. NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain. Neuroimage 61, 1000\u20131016 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"496_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutherford, S. et al. The normative modeling framework for computational psychiatry. Nat. Protoc. 17, 1711\u20131734 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00696-5"},{"key":"496_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00126-8","volume":"1","author":"M Chamberland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chamberland, M. et al. Detecting microstructural deviations in individuals with deep diffusion MRI tractometry. Nat. Comput. Sci. 1, 598\u2013606 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"496_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.12.009","volume":"1","author":"CS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, C. S., Baughman, D. M. & Lee, A. Y. Deep learning is effective for the classification of OCT images of normal versus age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol. Retina 1, 322\u2013327 (2017).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"496_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saravanan, V., Samuel, R. D. J., Krishnamoorthy, S. & Manickam, A. Deep learning assisted convolutional auto-encoders framework for glaucoma detection and anterior visual pathway recognition from retinal fundus images. J. Ambient Intell. Humanized Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-021-02928-0 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-02928-0"},{"key":"496_CR70","first-page":"97","volume":"18","author":"S Yousefi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yousefi, S. Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in glaucoma. J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res. 18, 97\u2013112 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"496_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00126-8","volume":"1","author":"M Chamberland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chamberland, M. et al. Detecting microstructural deviations in individuals with deep diffusion MRI tractometry. Nat Comput Sci 1, 598\u2013606 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"key":"496_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kruper, J. Code to reproduce the analysis in \u201cConvolutional neural network-based classification of glaucoma using optic radiation tissue properties\" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10459961 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10459961"}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00496-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00496-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00496-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T02:41:17Z","timestamp":1731724877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00496-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00496-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following competing interests: A.Y.L. reports grants from Santen, personal fees from Genentech, personal fees from US FDA, personal fees from Johnson and Johnson, grants from Carl Zeiss Meditec, personal fees from Topcon, personal fees from Gyroscope, non-financial support from Microsoft, grants from Regeneron, outside the submitted work; This article does not reflect the views of the US FDA. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}