{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:28:01Z","timestamp":1784132881738,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01 DC015587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 DC015587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cochlear implants have helped over one million individuals restore functional hearing globally, but their clinical utility in suppressing tinnitus has not been firmly established.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In a decade-long study, we examined longitudinal effects of cochlear implants on tinnitus in 323 post-lingually deafened individuals including 211 with pre-existing tinnitus and 112 without tinnitus. The primary endpoints were tinnitus loudness and tinnitus handicap inventory. The secondary endpoints were speech recognition, anxiety and sleep quality.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here we show that after 24\u2009month implant usage, the tinnitus cohort experience 58% reduction in tinnitus loudness (on a 0\u201310 scale from 4.3 baseline to 1.8\u2009=\u2009\u22122.5, 95% CI: \u22122.7 to \u22122.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093\u2009x\u200910<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>; effect size d\u2019\u2009=\u2009\u22121.4,) and 44% in tinnitus handicap inventory (=\u221221.2, 95% CI: \u221224.5 to \u221217.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091\u2009x\u200910<jats:sup>\u221215<\/jats:sup>; d\u2019=\u22121.0). Conversely, only 3.6% of those without pre-existing tinnitus develop it post-implantation. Prior to implantation, the tinnitus cohort have lower speech recognition, higher anxiety and poorer sleep quality than the non-tinnitus cohort, measured by Mandarin monosyllabic words, Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Although the 24\u2009month implant usage eliminate the group difference in speech and anxiety measures, the tinnitus cohort still face significant sleep difficulties likely due to the tinnitus coming back when the device was inactive at night.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present result shows that cochlear implantation can offer an alternative effective treatment for tinnitus. The present result also identifies a critical need in developing always-on and atraumatic devices for tinnitus patients, including potentially those with normal hearing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00692-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T14:10:21Z","timestamp":1734617421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A prospective cohort study of cochlear implantation as a treatment for tinnitus in post-lingually deafened individuals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4404-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Kapolowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Dong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Di","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan-Gang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"692_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"077201","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0012825","volume":"2","author":"F-G Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng, F.-G. Celebrating the one millionth cochlear implant. JASA Express Lett. 2, 077201 (2022).","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"692_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.451","volume":"303","author":"JK Niparko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niparko, J. K. et al. Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA 303, 1498\u20131506 (2010).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"692_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1904407","volume":"382","author":"ML Carlson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlson, M. L. Cochlear implantation in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1531\u20131542 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"692_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1506631","volume":"378","author":"CA Bauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bauer, C. A. Tinnitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 1224\u20131231 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"692_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","volume":"382","author":"D Baguley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baguley, D., McFerran, D. & Hall, D. Tinnitus. Lancet 382, 1600\u20131607 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"692_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxu005","volume":"37","author":"SM Theodoroff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theodoroff, S. M., Lewis, M. S., Folmer, R. L., Henry, J. A. & Carlson, K. F. Hearing impairment and tinnitus: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in US service members and veterans deployed to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Epidemiol. Rev. 37, 71\u201385 (2015).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"692_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stadio, A. et al. Hearing loss, tinnitus, hyperacusis, and diplacusis in professional musicians: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15, 2120 (2018)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102120"},{"key":"692_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802","volume":"13","author":"DJ McFerran","year":"2019","unstructured":"McFerran, D. J., Stockdale, D., Holme, R., Large, C. H. & Baguley, D. M. Why is there no cure for tinnitus. Front Neurosci. 13, 802 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"692_CR9","first-page":"209","volume":"3","author":"Y Cazals","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cazals, Y., Negrevergne, M. & Aran, J. M. Electrical stimulation of the cochlea in man: hearing induction and tinnitus suppression. J. Am. Audiol. Soc. 3, 209\u2013213 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Am. Audiol. Soc."},{"key":"692_CR10","first-page":"204","volume":"85","author":"JW House","year":"1981","unstructured":"House, J. W. & Brackmann, D. E. Tinnitus: surgical treatment. Ciba Found. Symposia 85, 204\u2013216 (1981).","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symposia"},{"key":"692_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200305000-00021","volume":"24","author":"JT Rubinstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rubinstein, J. T., Tyler, R. S., Johnson, A. & Brown, C. J. Electrical suppression of tinnitus with high-rate pulse trains. Otol. Neurotol. 24, 478\u2013485 (2003).","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"692_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.03.010","volume":"277","author":"FG Zeng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeng, F. G. et al. Tinnitus suppression by low-rate electric stimulation and its electrophysiological mechanisms. Hear. Res. 277, 61\u201366 (2011).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"692_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000090","volume":"36","author":"RA Arts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arts, R. A., George, E. L., Chenault, M. N. & Stokroos, R. J. Optimizing intracochlear electrical stimulation to suppress tinnitus. Ear Hearing 36, 125\u2013135 (2015).","journal-title":"Ear Hearing"},{"key":"692_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811700903","volume":"117","author":"P Van de Heyning","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van de Heyning, P. et al. Incapacitating unilateral tinnitus in single-sided deafness treated by cochlear implantation. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 117, 645\u2013652 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"692_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21851","volume":"121","author":"HA Amoodi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amoodi, H. A. et al. The effects of unilateral cochlear implantation on the tinnitus handicap inventory and the influence on quality of life. Laryngoscope 121, 1536\u20131540 (2011).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"692_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000335126","volume":"17","author":"M Kompis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kompis, M. et al. Tinnitus before and 6\u2009months after cochlear implantation. Audiol. Neurootol. 17, 161\u2013168 (2012).","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"692_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1159\/000495132","volume":"23","author":"FJJ Kloostra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kloostra, F. J. J. et al. A prospective study of the effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus. Audio. Neurootol. 23, 356\u2013363 (2018).","journal-title":"Audio. Neurootol."},{"key":"692_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1336283","volume":"137","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Interaction of tinnitus suppression and hearing ability after cochlear implantation. Acta Oto Laryngol. 137, 1077\u20131082 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Oto Laryngol."},{"key":"692_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assouly, K. K. S. et al. Systematic review on intra- and extracochlear electrical stimulation for tinnitus. Brain Sci. 11, 1394 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111394"},{"key":"692_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121652211284","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165221128431","volume":"26","author":"KKS Assouly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assouly, K. K. S. et al. Analysis of a cochlear implant database: changes in tinnitus prevalence and distress after cochlear implantation. Trends Hear 26, 23312165221128431 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"692_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deklerck, A. N., Swinnen, F., Keppler, H. & Dhooge, I. J. M. Changes in tinnitus characteristics and residual inhibition following cochlear implantation: a prospective analysis. Brain Sci. 13, 1484 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101484"},{"key":"692_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003172","volume":"42","author":"E Yuen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuen, E., Ma, C., Nguyen, S. A., Meyer, T. A. & Lambert, P. R. The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otol. Neurotol. 42, 1113\u20131122 (2021).","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"692_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25493","volume":"126","author":"A van Zon","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Zon, A. et al. Effect of unilateral and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation on tinnitus: a prospective study. Laryngoscope 126, 956\u2013961 (2016).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"692_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701387173","volume":"128","author":"N Quaranta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quaranta, N., Fernandez-Vega, S., D\u2019Elia, C., Filipo, R. & Quaranta, A. The effect of unilateral multichannel cochlear implant on bilaterally perceived tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol. 128, 159\u2013163 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"692_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2009\/07-0042)","volume":"18","author":"T Pan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pan, T. et al. Changes in the tinnitus handicap questionnaire after cochlear implantation. Am. J. Audiol.18, 144\u2013151 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.08.002","volume":"354","author":"SY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, S. Y. et al. No auditory experience, no tinnitus: lessons from subjects with congenital- and acquired single-sided deafness. Hear. Res. 354, 9\u201315 (2017).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"692_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2022.2111371","volume":"62","author":"S Tegg-Quinn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tegg-Quinn, S. et al. The use of patient-report measures and intervention strategies for children and adolescents with chronic tinnitus: a scoping review. Int. J. Audiol. 62, 1109\u20131117 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2012.5.1.10","volume":"5","author":"Z Meng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng, Z. et al. Reliability and validity of the chinese (mandarin) tinnitus handicap inventory. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 5, 10\u201316 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"692_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2011.642011","volume":"51","author":"X Xi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xi, X. et al. Development of a corpus of mandarin sentences in babble with homogeneity optimized via psychometric evaluation. Int. J. Audiol. 51, 399\u2013404 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(71)71479-0","volume":"12","author":"WW Zung","year":"1971","unstructured":"Zung, W. W. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 12, 371\u2013379 (1971).","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"692_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. & Kupfer, D. J. The pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28, 193\u2013213 (1989).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"692_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6007","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0396-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"FG Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, F. G., Richardson, M. & Turner, K. Tinnitus does not interfere with auditory and speech perception. J. Neurosci. 40, 6007\u20136017 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"692_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26107","volume":"127","author":"JM Bhatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhatt, J. M., Bhattacharyya, N. & Lin, H. W. Relationships between tinnitus and the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Laryngoscope 127, 466\u2013469 (2017).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"692_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, K. et al. Insomnia associated with tinnitus and gender differences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 3209 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063209"},{"key":"692_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121651882144","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518821449","volume":"23","author":"FG Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng, F. G., Richardson, M., Tran, P., Lin, H. & Djalilian, H. Tinnitus treatment using noninvasive and minimally invasive electric stimulation: experimental design and feasibility. Trends Hear 23, 2331216518821449 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"692_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","volume":"260","author":"D De Ridder","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Ridder, D. et al. Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal). Prog. Brain Res. 260, 1\u201325 (2021).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"692_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811403882","volume":"145","author":"F Zeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeman, F. et al. Tinnitus handicap inventory for evaluating treatment effects: which changes are clinically relevant? Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 145, 282\u2013287 (2011).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"692_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.0821","volume":"145","author":"RW Scherer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Trial Research, Scherer, R. W. & Formby, C. Effect of tinnitus retraining therapy vs standard of care on tinnitus-related quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 145, 597\u2013608 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"692_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2012\/12-0010)","volume":"21","author":"I Adamchic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adamchic, I., Langguth, B., Hauptmann, C. & Tass, P. A. Psychometric evaluation of visual analog scale for the assessment of chronic tinnitus. Am. J. Audiol. 21, 215\u2013225 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25370","volume":"125","author":"GG Ramakers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramakers, G. G., van Zon, A., Stegeman, I. & Grolman, W. The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 125, 2584\u20132592 (2015).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"692_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16067","volume":"28","author":"JA Henry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henry, J. A. et al. Tinnitus management: randomized controlled trial comparing extended-wear hearing aids, conventional hearing aids, and combination instruments. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 28, 546\u2013561 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60469-3","volume":"379","author":"RF Cima","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cima, R. F. et al. Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 379, 1951\u20131959 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"692_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12178-w","volume":"7","author":"R Tyler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tyler, R. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled pilot study in humans. Sci. Rep. 7, 11960 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"692_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlon, B. et al. Bimodal neuromodulation combining sound and tongue stimulation reduces tinnitus symptoms in a large randomized clinical study. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eabb2830 (2020)","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb2830"},{"key":"692_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13875-x","volume":"12","author":"B Conlon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conlon, B. et al. Different bimodal neuromodulation settings reduce tinnitus symptoms in a large randomized trial. Sci. Rep. 12, 10845 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"692_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021556","volume":"59","author":"B Langguth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langguth, B., Elgoyhen, A. B. & Cederroth, C. R. Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of tinnitus. Annu Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 59, 291\u2013313 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"692_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.09.013","volume":"322","author":"FG Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng, F. G. et al. Development and evaluation of the nurotron 26-electrode cochlear implant system. Hear. Res. 322, 188\u2013199 (2015).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"692_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000900","volume":"42","author":"RH Pierzycki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierzycki, R. H. & Kitterick, P. T. Insomnia, anxiety and depression in adult cochlear implant users with tinnitus. Ear Hearing 42, 235\u2013243 (2020).","journal-title":"Ear Hearing"},{"key":"692_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18086","volume":"31","author":"A Perreau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perreau, A., Tyler, R. & Mancini, P. C. Programming a cochlear implant for tinnitus suppression. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 31, 302\u2013308 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"692_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00019","volume":"6","author":"JE Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, J. E. & Zeng, F. G. Tinnitus suppression by electric stimulation of the auditory nerve. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 6, 19 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"692_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.06.013","volume":"260","author":"KKS Assouly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assouly, K. K. S., van Heteren, J. A. A., Stokroos, R. J., Stegeman, I. & Smit, A. L. Cochlear implantation for patients with tinnitus - a systematic review. Prog. Brain Res. 260, 27\u201350 (2021).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00692-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00692-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00692-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T15:08:27Z","timestamp":1734620907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-024-00692-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00692-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following competing interests: F.G.Z. is a shareholder of Axonics, DiaNavi, NeoCortix, Nurotron, Syntiant, Velox and Xense. Other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"274"}}