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All roles were unremunerated. J.H.C. reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, grants from John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund, grants from Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) grant number C5255\/A18085, through the Cancer Research UK Oxford Centre, grants from the Oxford Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204826\/Z\/16\/Z) and other research councils, during the conduct of the study. J.H.C. is an unpaid director of QResearch, a not-for-profit organisation which is a partnership between the University of Oxford and EMIS Health who supply the QResearch database used for this work. J.H.C. is a founder and previously a shareholder of ClinRisk Ltd. and was its medical director until 31st May 2019 and shareholder until Aug 2023 when 100% of the company was donated to Endeavour Health Care Charitable Trust. ClinRisk Ltd. produces open and closed-source software to implement clinical risk algorithms (outside this work) into clinical computer systems. J.H.C. was chair of the NERVTAG risk stratification subgroup and a member of SAGE COVID-19 groups and the NHS group advising on prioritisation of the use of monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}