{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:03:34Z","timestamp":1793102614798,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK116986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK116986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2444044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2444044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00993-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T14:42:31Z","timestamp":1751553751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clustering analysis of multi-site electronic health records reveals distinct subphenotypes in stage-1 acute kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Deyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Yin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan S. L.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Kellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Y.","family":"Fuhrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Chrischilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay G.","family":"Cowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sravani","family":"Chandaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"McTigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Saleh Mohammad","family":"Mosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemuel R.","family":"Waitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahanaz","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8036-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00710113","volume":"8","author":"P Susantitaphong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Susantitaphong, P. et al. World incidence of AKI: a meta-analysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 1482\u20131493 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","volume":"7","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kellum, J. A. et al. Acute kidney injury. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 7, 52 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010105","volume":"28","author":"A Odutayo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Odutayo, A. et al. AKI and long-term risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28, 377\u2013387 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003832","volume":"47","author":"BA McNicholas","year":"2019","unstructured":"McNicholas, B. A. et al. Impact of early acute kidney injury on management and outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a secondary analysis of a multicenter observational study. Crit. Care Med. 47, 1216\u20131225 (2019).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.07.023","volume":"47","author":"C Storm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Storm, C. et al. Impact of acute kidney injury on neurological outcome and long-term survival after cardiac arrest - a 10 year observational follow up. J. Crit. Care 47, 254\u2013259 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000437340","volume":"131","author":"J Ruiz-Criado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruiz-Criado, J. et al. Long-term mortality among hospitalized non-ICU patients with acute kidney injury referred to nephrology. Nephron 131, 23\u201333 (2015).","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-1001-2","volume":"31","author":"I Novo-Veleiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Novo-Veleiro, I. et al. Acute kidney injury is linked to higher mortality in elderly hospitalized patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 31, 455\u2013461 (2019).","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"993_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000366127","volume":"38","author":"R Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, R. et al. Survey of acute kidney injury and related risk factors of mortality in hospitalized patients in a third-level urban hospital of Shanghai. Blood Purif. 38, 140\u2013148 (2014).","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090740","volume":"16","author":"GM Chertow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chertow, G. M., Burdick, E., Honour, M., Bonventre, J. V. & Bates, D. W. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 3365\u20133370 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.03.011","volume":"18","author":"R Karagozian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karagozian, R., Bhardwaj, G., Wakefield, D. B. & Verna, E. C. Acute kidney injury is associated with higher mortality and healthcare costs in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Ann. Hepatol. 18, 730\u2013735 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c179","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","volume":"120","author":"A Khwaja","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khwaja, A. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin. Pr. 120, c179\u2013c184 (2012).","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pr."},{"key":"993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.01.449","volume":"82","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhatraju, P. K. et al. Integrated analysis of blood and urine biomarkers to identify acute kidney injury subphenotypes and associations with long-term outcomes. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 82, 311\u2013321.e311 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02229-2","volume":"34","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Missed diagnosis of acute kidney injury in older patients with invasive mechanical ventilation: a multicenter retrospective study. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 34, 2887\u20132895 (2022).","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1550-x","volume":"25","author":"Q Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Q., Hu, P., Kang, H. & Zhou, F. Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury missed diagnosis in older patients with severe COVID-19 in intensive care unit. J. Nutr. Health Aging 25, 492\u2013500 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.11.004","volume":"161","author":"BR Griffin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Griffin, B. R. et al. Stage 1 acute kidney injury is independently associated with infection following cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg. 161, 1346\u20131355.e1343 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz197","volume":"14","author":"TE Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long, T. E. et al. Mild Stage 1 post-operative acute kidney injury: association with chronic kidney disease and long-term survival. Clin. Kidney J. 14, 237\u2013244 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202676","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2676","volume":"3","author":"RL Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta, R. L. Renal recovery after acute kidney injury and long-term outcomes: is time of the essence? JAMA Netw. Open 3, e202676 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcs237","volume":"106","author":"E Aitken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aitken, E. et al. Acute kidney injury: outcomes and quality of care. QJM 106, 323\u2013332 (2013).","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a5906f","volume":"37","author":"CV Thakar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thakar, C. V., Christianson, A., Freyberg, R., Almenoff, P. & Render, M. L. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. Crit. Care Med. 37, 2552\u20132558 (2009).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.11.030","volume":"95","author":"HG Sparrow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sparrow, H. G., Swan, J. T., Moore, L. W., Gaber, A. O. & Suki, W. N. Disparate outcomes observed within kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury stage 1. Kidney Int. 95, 905\u2013913 (2019).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70074-5","volume":"32","author":"CA Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones, C. A. et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population: third National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32, 992\u2013999 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000316038","volume":"116","author":"JM Testani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Testani, J. M., McCauley, B. D., Chen, J., Shumski, M. & Shannon, R. P. Worsening renal function defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine is a biased metric for the study of cardio-renal interactions. Cardiology 116, 206\u2013212 (2010).","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254608","volume":"16","author":"TS Kister","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kister, T. S. et al. Acute kidney injury and its progression in hospitalized patients-results from a retrospective multicentre cohort study with a digital decision support system. PLoS ONE 16, e0254608 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011090907","volume":"23","author":"JL Koyner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koyner, J. L. et al. Biomarkers predict progression of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 905\u2013914 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.01.093","volume":"155","author":"KA Mizuguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mizuguchi, K. A. et al. Predicting kidney disease progression in patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg. 155, 2455\u20132463.e2455 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32835fe5c5","volume":"22","author":"N Pannu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pannu, N. Bidirectional relationships between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 22, 351\u2013356 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"993_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.208","volume":"82","author":"LS Chawla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chawla, L. S. & Kimmel, P. L. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. Kidney Int 82, 516\u2013524 (2012).","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000363675","volume":"127","author":"M Heung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heung, M. & Chawla, L. S. Acute kidney injury: gateway to chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin. Pr. 127, 30\u201334 (2014).","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pr."},{"key":"993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130340.93930.DD","volume":"15","author":"A Lassnigg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lassnigg, A. et al. Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 1597\u20131605 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.514","volume":"171","author":"A Ishani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishani, A. et al. The magnitude of acute serum creatinine increase after cardiac surgery and the risk of chronic kidney disease, progression of kidney disease, and death. Arch. Intern. Med. 171, 226\u2013233 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.6.609","volume":"168","author":"BB Newsome","year":"2008","unstructured":"Newsome, B. B. et al. Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 168, 609\u2013616 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1546-4","volume":"20","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhatraju, P. K. et al. Acute kidney injury subphenotypes based on creatinine trajectory identifies patients at increased risk of death. Crit. Care 20, 372 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1346OC","volume":"199","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhatraju, P. K. et al. Identification of acute kidney injury subphenotypes with differing molecular signatures and responses to vasopressin therapy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 199, 863\u2013872 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09330819","volume":"15","author":"K Chaudhary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaudhary, K. et al. Utilization of deep learning for subphenotype identification in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 1557\u20131565 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104393","volume":"143","author":"Y Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, Y. et al. Identifying acute kidney injury subphenotypes using an outcome-driven deep-learning approach. J. Biomed. Inf. 143, 104393 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"993_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02866-x","volume":"24","author":"R Wiersema","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiersema, R. et al. Two subphenotypes of septic acute kidney injury are associated with different 90-day mortality and renal recovery. Crit. Care 24, 150 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"993_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vasquez-Rios, G. et al. Molecular and clinical signatures in acute kidney injury define distinct subphenotypes that associate with death, kidney, and cardiovascular events. Preprint at medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.14.21267738 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.14.21267738"},{"key":"993_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04935-x","volume":"28","author":"K Takkavatakarn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takkavatakarn, K. et al. Machine learning derived serum creatinine trajectories in acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with sepsis. Crit. Care 28, 156 (2024).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"993_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","volume":"130","author":"AS Levey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levey, A. S. et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann. Intern. Med. 130, 461\u2013470 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"993_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.122","volume":"112","author":"F Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, F. et al. Acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: baseline serum creatinine predicts patient outcomes. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 1103\u20131110 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"993_CR41","unstructured":"Nave Jr, G. K. et al. Clustering of pain dynamics in sickle cell disease from sparse, uneven samples. Preprint at arXiv:2108.13963 (2021)."},{"key":"993_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","volume":"20","author":"MJ Azur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C. & Leaf, P. J. Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work? Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 20, 40\u201349 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"993_CR43","unstructured":"Van der Maaten, L. & Hinton, G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579\u20132605 (2008)."},{"key":"993_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.2","volume":"13","author":"LS Chawla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chawla, L. S. et al. Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the acute disease quality initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 13, 241\u2013257 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1122-z","volume":"19","author":"J Neugarten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neugarten, J. & Golestaneh, L. Female sex reduces the risk of hospital-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 19, 314 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"993_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000321","volume":"5","author":"LM Curtis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Curtis, L. M. Sex and gender differences in AKI. Kidney360 5, 160\u2013167 (2024).","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"993_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1159\/000485866","volume":"42","author":"Y Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Liu, H., Fu, S., Wan, J. & Li, X. Red blood cell distribution width is an independent predictor of AKI and mortality in patients in the coronary care unit. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 42, 1193\u20131204 (2017).","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"993_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61516-y","volume":"10","author":"L Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, L. et al. Red blood cell distribution width predicts long-term mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective database study. Sci. Rep. 10, 4563 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"993_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eAO6828","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2022AO6828","volume":"20","author":"MLV Ramires","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramires, M. L. V. et al. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and acute kidney injury in patients with sepsis. Einstein 20, eAO6828 (2022).","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"993_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.030","volume":"6","author":"J Bouchard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bouchard, J. Estimating baseline serum creatinine for assessing acute kidney injury: not a one size fits all approach. Kidney Int. Rep. 6, 562\u2013564 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"993_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2021.11.047","volume":"114","author":"BY Andrew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrew, B. Y. et al. Identification of trajectory-based acute kidney injury phenotypes among cardiac surgery patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 114, 2235\u20132243 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"993_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, D. deyili1997\/AKI-1_Subphenotyping: v1.0.0. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15700882 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15700882"}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-00993-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-00993-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-00993-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1751554954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-00993-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-00993-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"J.A.K. discloses paid consulting from BioM\u00e9rieux, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Chugai Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Novartis, and is a full-time employee of Spectral Medical, all unrelated to the present work. K.M.M. has led and participated in research studies funded by Pfizer, Amgen, and Eli Lilly, all unrelated to the present work. A.S.L.Y. has served as consultant or on advisory boards for Regulus, Calico, Janssen and Sarepta, none of which are related to the current work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"274"}}