{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:37:54Z","timestamp":1790257074392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC\/S028013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC\/S028013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC\/S028013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC\/S028013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measurement of multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more conditions in the same individual, is highly variable which limits the consistency and reproducibility of research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from 172,563 UK Biobank (UKB) participants and a cross-sectional approach, we examined how choice of data source affected estimated prevalence of 80 individual long-term conditions (LTCs) and multimorbidity. We developed code-list-based algorithms to determine the prevalence of 80 LTCs in (1) primary care records, (2) UKB baseline assessment, (3) hospital\/cancer registry records, and (4) all three data sources together.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using records from all three data sources, 146,811 (85.1%) participants have at least one and 109,609 (63.5%) have at least two LTCs at baseline. A median of 4.7% (IQR 1.0\u201316.6) of participants with a condition are identified by all three data sources. Agreement is highest for endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders, with a median of 32.9% (IQR 20.5\u201334.1) of individuals with a condition identified by all three data sources. Agreement is lowest for diseases of the genitourinary system and mental and behavioural disorders where perfect agreement varies from zero to 4.9% and zero to 12.3% across conditions, respectively. The low agreement between data sources is accompanied by high proportions of individuals with a condition identified only in primary care data (i.e. not in either of the other two sources), with a median of 59.3% (IQR 47.4\u201375.9) for diseases of the genitourinary system and 66.9% (IQR 42.8\u201379.2) for mental and behavioural disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study highlights the impact of the choice of which data source is used in research on individual LTCs and multimorbidity, and the importance of clearly justifying choices made.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00995-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:40:58Z","timestamp":1752136858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Robustly measuring multimorbidity using disparate linked datasets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0489-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Prigge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly J.","family":"Fleetwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart W.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul AT","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathie","family":"Sudlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Norrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4191-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"995_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X695465","volume":"68","author":"A Cassell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cassell, A. et al. 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