{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:57:18Z","timestamp":1793365038990,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01008-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T15:24:17Z","timestamp":1752852257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rising prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin partial resistance mutations in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5442-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bokretsion G.","family":"Brhane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abebe A.","family":"Fola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Nigussie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Leonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moges","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henok","family":"Hailgiorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Wuletaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heven","family":"Sime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeba","family":"G\/Tsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudissa","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiwot","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremew","family":"Tasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Tollera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesay","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4465-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1008_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2022. (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"1008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt, S. et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526, 207\u2013211 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo6646","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo6646","volume":"14","author":"JG Beeson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beeson, J. G. et al. The RTS, S malaria vaccine: Current impact and foundation for the future. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabo6646 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenthal, P. J. et al. The emergence of artemisinin partial resistance in Africa: how do we respond? Lancet Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00141-5 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00141-5"},{"key":"1008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01461-4","volume":"8","author":"AA Fola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fola, A. A. et al. Plasmodium falciparum resistant to artemisinin and diagnostics have emerged in Ethiopia. Nat. Microbiol. 8, 1911\u20131919 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishengoma, D. S. et al. Urgent action is needed to confront artemisinin partial resistance in African malaria parasites. Nat. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41591-024-00028-y (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/d41591-024-00028-y"},{"key":"1008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00962-4","volume":"6","author":"SM Feleke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feleke, S. M. et al. Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia. Nat. Microbiol. 6, 1289\u20131299 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00518-7","volume":"23","author":"K Zinszer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zinszer, K. & Talisuna, A. O. Fighting insecticide resistance in malaria control. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 138\u2013139 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02641-9","volume":"29","author":"T Emiru","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emiru, T. et al. Evidence for a role of Anopheles stephensi in the spread of drug- and diagnosis-resistant malaria in Africa. Nat. Med. 29, 3203\u20133211 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.11.006","volume":"33","author":"IN Nkumama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nkumama, I. N., O\u2019Meara, W. P. & Osier, F. H. A. Changes in Malaria Epidemiology in Africa and new challenges for elimination. Trends Parasitol 33, 128\u2013140 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosten, F. & White, N. J. Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of Falciparum Malaria. (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2007).","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.181"},{"key":"1008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1075-7","volume":"15","author":"HC Slater","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slater, H. C., Griffin, J. T., Ghani, A. C. & Okell, L. C. Assessing the potential impact of artemisinin and partner drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar. J. 15, 10 (2016).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halsey, E. S. & Plucinski, M. M. Out of Africa: Increasing reports of artemether-lumefantrine treatment failures of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection. J. Travel Med. 30, taad159 (2023)","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad159"},{"key":"1008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.1.75","volume":"8","author":"G Kokwaro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kokwaro, G., Mwai, L. & Nzila, A. Artemether\/lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 8, 75\u201394 (2007).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"1008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishengoma, D. S. et al. Evidence of artemisinin partial resistance in North-western Tanzania: clinical and drug resistance markers study. Lancet Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00362-1 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00362-1"},{"key":"1008_CR16","first-page":"631","volume":"215","author":"P Tumwebaze","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tumwebaze, P. et al. Changing antimalarial drug resistance patterns identified by surveillance at three sites in Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 215, 631\u2013635 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808859","volume":"361","author":"AM Dondorp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dondorp, A. M. et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 455\u2013467 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noedl, H. et al. Evidence of Artemisinin-resistant malaria in Western Cambodia. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 2619\u20132620.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0805011"},{"key":"1008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70032-0","volume":"15","author":"KM Tun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tun, K. M. et al. Spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Myanmar: a cross-sectional survey of the K13 molecular marker. Lancet Infect. Dis. 15, 415\u2013421 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR20","unstructured":"Ashley Elizabeth, A. et al. Spread of Artemisinin Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 411\u2013423."},{"key":"1008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01365-y","volume":"27","author":"A Uwimana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uwimana, A. et al. Author Correction: Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat. Med. 27, 1113\u20131115 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young, N. W. et al. High frequency of artemisinin partial resistance mutations in the great lake region revealed through rapid pooled deep sequencing. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.29.24306442. (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.29.24306442"},{"key":"1008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juliano, J. J. et al. Prevalence of mutations associated with artemisinin partial resistance and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in 13 regions in Tanzania in 2021: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet Microbe. 5,100920 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00160-5"},{"key":"1008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210956","volume":"389","author":"S Mihreteab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mihreteab, S. et al. Increasing prevalence of Artemisinin-resistant HRP2-negative Malaria in Eritrea. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 1191\u20131202 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101746","volume":"385","author":"B Balikagala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balikagala, B. et al. Evidence of Artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1163\u20131171 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0740","volume":"110","author":"W van Loon","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Loon, W. et al. Detection of Artemisinin Resistance Marker Kelch-13 469Y in Plasmodium falciparum, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2022. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 110, 653\u2013655 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"1008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp5137","volume":"385","author":"M Dhorda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhorda, M. et al. Artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa demands urgent action. Science 385, 252\u2013254 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1008_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00875-06","volume":"51","author":"GS Humphreys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Humphreys, G. S. et al. Amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine select distinct alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum mdr1 gene in Tanzanian children treated for uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 991\u2013997 (2007).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"1008_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0031","volume":"91","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Venkatesan, M. et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite risk factors that affect treatment outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 833\u2013843 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"1008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosado, J. et al. Ex vivo susceptibility to antimalarial drugs and polymorphisms in drug resistance genes of African Plasmodium falciparum, 2016-2023: a genotype-phenotype association study. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.17.24310448 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.17.24310448"},{"key":"1008_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1086\/427997","volume":"191","author":"C Sisowath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sisowath, C. et al. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). J. Infect. Dis. 191, 1014\u20131017 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e540","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00427-4","volume":"24","author":"A Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkman, A., Gil, P. & Alifrangis, M. Alarming Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy in Africa: the critical role of the partner drug. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, e540\u2013e541 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S127571","volume":"13","author":"T Deressa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deressa, T., Seid, M. E., Birhan, W., Aleka, Y. & Tebeje, B. M. In vivo efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Dembia District, northwest Ethiopia. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 13, 201\u2013206 (2017).","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"1008_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154618","volume":"11","author":"D Nega","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nega, D. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine (Coartem\u00ae) in treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Metehara, Eastern Ethiopia: Regulatory clinical study. PLoS One 11, e0154618 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1008_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05087-7","volume":"23","author":"D Daka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daka, D. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Arba Minch Zuria District, Gamo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Malar. J. 23, 282 (2024).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04848-8","volume":"23","author":"A Assefa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Assefa, A., Fola, A. A. & Tasew, G. Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum strains with artemisinin partial resistance in East Africa and the Horn of Africa: is there a need to panic? Malar. J. 23, 34 (2024).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02324-1","volume":"20","author":"A Hamlet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamlet, A. et al. The potential impact of Anopheles stephensi establishment on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in Ethiopia and prospective control measures. BMC Med. 20, 135 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1008_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2115-2","volume":"16","author":"LA Messenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messenger, L. A. et al. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia (2012-2016): a nationwide study for insecticide resistance monitoring. Malar. J. 16, 469 (2017).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2021.100475","volume":"40","author":"TZ Nigussie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nigussie, T. Z., Zewotir, T. & Muluneh, E. K. Effects of climate variability and environmental factors on the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria incidence in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 40, 100475 (2022).","journal-title":"Spat. Spatiotemporal Epidemiol."},{"key":"1008_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400612","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2024.1400612","volume":"4","author":"KZ Tandoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tandoh, K. Z., Duah-Quashie, N. O., Raman, J. & Ochola-Oyier, L. I. Editorial: Malaria molecular epidemiology current situation in Africa. Front Epidemiol 4, 1400612 (2024).","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"},{"key":"1008_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30939-7","volume":"21","author":"SC Inzaule","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inzaule, S. C., Tessema, S. K., Kebede, Y., Ogwell Ouma, A. E. & Nkengasong, J. N. Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, e281\u2013e289 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43087-4","volume":"14","author":"SF Schaffner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schaffner, S. F. et al. Malaria surveillance reveals parasite relatedness, signatures of selection, and correlates of transmission across Senegal. Nat. Commun. 14, 7268 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1008_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04666-4","volume":"22","author":"F de Haan","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Haan, F. et al. Strategies for deploying triple artemisinin-based combination therapy in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Malar. J. 22, 261 (2023).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Struelens, M. J. et al. Real-time genomic surveillance for enhanced control of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. Front. Sci. Ser. 2, 1298248 (2024)","DOI":"10.3389\/fsci.2024.1298248"},{"key":"1008_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Golumbeanu, M., Edi, C. A. V., Hetzel, M. W., Koepfli, C. & Nsanzabana, C. Bridging the Gap from Molecular Surveillance to Programmatic Decisions for Malaria Control and Elimination. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0749 (2023).","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0749"},{"key":"1008_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03630-4","volume":"20","author":"NB Teyssier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teyssier, N. B. et al. Optimization of whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from low-density dried blood spot samples. Malar. J. 20, 116 (2021).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy223","volume":"218","author":"O Aydemir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aydemir, O. et al. Drug-resistance and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum across the Democratic Republic of Congo using high-throughput molecular inversion probes. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 946\u2013955 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niar\u00e9, K. et al. Highly multiplex molecular inversion probe panel in Plasmodium falciparum targeting common SNPs approximates whole genome sequencing assessments for selection and relatedness. Front. Genet. 16, 1526049 (2025)","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1526049"},{"key":"1008_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, H. Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly con*gs with BWA-MEM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.963153.V1 (2014).","DOI":"10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.963153.V1"},{"key":"1008_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garrison, E. & Marth, G. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. arXiv 1207.3907 [q-bio.GN] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1207.3907 (2012).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1207.3907"},{"key":"1008_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330","volume":"27","author":"P Danecek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danecek, P. et al. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics 27, 2156\u20132158 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1008_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005348","volume":"13","author":"H-H Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, H.-H. et al. THE REAL McCOIL: A method for the concurrent estimation of the complexity of infection and SNP allele frequency for malaria parasites. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005348 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1008_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606","volume":"28","author":"X Zheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data. Bioinformatics 28, 3326\u20133328 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1008_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15779-8","volume":"11","author":"R Verity","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verity, R. et al. The impact of antimalarial resistance on the genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC. Nat. Commun. 11, 2107 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1008_CR55","unstructured":"GISGeography. Natural Earth Data - Free GIS Public Domain Data. GIS Geography https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/natural-earth-data-free-gis-public\/ (2014)."},{"key":"1008_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0477","volume":"94","author":"AG Bayih","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bayih, A. G. et al. A Unique Plasmodium falciparum K13 Gene Mutation in Northwest Ethiopia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 132\u2013135 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"1008_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03660-y","volume":"20","author":"D Abera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abera, D. et al. Genomic analysis reveals independent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum populations in Ethiopia. Malar. J. 20, 129 (2021).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247","volume":"17","author":"TJ Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, T. J. et al. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1467\u20131482 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"1008_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.002","volume":"39","author":"F Camponovo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camponovo, F., Buckee, C. O. & Taylor, A. R. Measurably recombining malaria parasites. Trends Parasitol 39, 17\u201325 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1008_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neafsey, D. E. & Volkman, S. K. Malaria genomics in the era of eradication. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 7, a025544 (2017).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025544"},{"key":"1008_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.08.006","volume":"47","author":"S Auburn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auburn, S. & Barry, A. E. Dissecting malaria biology and epidemiology using population genetics and genomics. Int. J. Parasitol. 47, 77\u201385 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"1008_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meier-Scherling, C. P. G. et al. Selection of artemisinin partial resistance Kelch13 mutations in Uganda in 2016-22 was at a rate comparable to that seen previously in South-East Asia. medRxiv (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.02.03.24302209.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.03.24302209"},{"key":"1008_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211803","volume":"389","author":"MD Conrad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conrad, M. D. et al. Evolution of partial resistance to Artemisinins in Malaria parasites in Uganda. N. Engl. J. Med. 389, 722\u2013732 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR64","unstructured":"Stokes, B. H. et al. Plasmodium falciparum K13 mutations in Africa and Asia impact artemisinin resistance and parasite fitness. Elife 10, e66277 (2021)."},{"key":"1008_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1005-2","volume":"26","author":"A Uwimana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uwimana, A. et al. Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat. Med. 26, 1602\u20131608 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1008_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.170141","volume":"24","author":"M Ikeda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ikeda, M. et al. Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with high survival rates, Uganda, 2014-2016. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 718\u2013726 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae288","volume":"230","author":"S Tukwasibwe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tukwasibwe, S. et al. Varied prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance markers in different populations of newly arrived refugees in Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 230, 497\u2013504 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1008_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2242-4","volume":"17","author":"RF Grais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grais, R. F. et al. Molecular markers of resistance to amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine in an area with seasonal malaria chemoprevention in south central Niger. Malar. J. 17, 1\u20139 (2018).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1008_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000999","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000999","volume":"3","author":"LC Okell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okell, L. C. et al. Emerging implications of policies on malaria treatment: genetic changes in the Pfmdr-1 gene affecting susceptibility to artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in Africa. BMJ Glob Health 3, e000999 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"1008_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11553","volume":"7","author":"MI Veiga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veiga, M. I. et al. Globally prevalent PfMDR1 mutations modulate Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to artemisinin-based combination therapies. Nat. Commun. 7, 11553 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1008_CR71","unstructured":"Brhane, B. G. Rising prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin partial resistance mutations in Ethiopia. NCBI Sequence Read Archive. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/PRJNA1170993 (2025)."},{"key":"1008_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fola, A. A. EPHI_SentinelSites_DR_project. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15707635 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15707635"}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01008-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01008-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01008-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:33:20Z","timestamp":1757259200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01008-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-01008-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.09.11.24313421","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JBP reports research support from Gilead Sciences, non-financial support from Abbott Laboratories, and consulting for Zymeron Corporation, all outside the scope of the current manuscript. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"297"}}