{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:45:25Z","timestamp":1793389525302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J05199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J05199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although salt intake has been linked to multiple cardiometabolic diseases, whether the frequency of adding salt to foods, a reasonable proxy for long-term salt intake, is related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) incidence remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This prospective study included 494,110 UK Biobank participants (mean age 56.5 years) who were free of MASLD at baseline. Participants were followed for a median of 13.6 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between the frequency of adding salt to foods and incident MASLD. Mediation analyses explored the role of blood biomarkers, and interaction analyses assessed whether genetic factors modify this association.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we show that among the cohort, 7171 participants develop MASLD during follow-up. Compared to people who never or rarely adding salt, those who sometimes, usually, and always add salt to foods have 7%, 20%, and 35% higher risk, respectively. This association is stronger in people with normal body mass index and those who frequently drink alcohol. Blood markers of inflammation and metabolism, such as C-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor-1, triglycerides, and urate, partially mediate this relationship. A significant interaction is observed, with <jats:italic>PNPLA3<\/jats:italic> genetic susceptibility amplifying the MASLD risk associated with frequently adding salt to foods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A higher frequency of adding salt to foods is associated with increased MASLD risk. Reducing table salt use represents a simple, actionable strategy for disease prevention, particularly for genetically susceptible individuals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01074-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1754668008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Adding salt to foods increases the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xujun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5692-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8146-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1074_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","volume":"79","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella, M. E. et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J. Hepatol. 79, 1542\u20131556 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","volume":"7","author":"K Riazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riazi, K. et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 851\u2013861 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64, 73\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1074_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210791208875","volume":"16","author":"E Bugianesi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bugianesi, E., Moscatiello, S., Ciaravella, M. F. & Marchesini, G. Insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16, 1941\u20131951 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"1074_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i5.1650","volume":"21","author":"Q Pang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pang, Q. Central obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk after adjusting for body mass index. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 1650 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1074_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","volume":"393","author":"A Afshin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afshin, A. et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 393, 1958\u20131972 (2019).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1074_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713837115","volume":"115","author":"MA Lanaspa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanaspa, M. A. et al. High salt intake causes leptin resistance and obesity in mice by stimulating endogenous fructose production and metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 3138\u20133143 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1074_CR8","first-page":"e03403","volume":"11","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. A high-salt diet exacerbates liver fibrosis through enterococcus -dependent macrophage activation. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e03403\u2013e03422 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"1074_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055600","volume":"145","author":"P Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, P. et al. Salt-induced hepatic inflammatory memory contributes to cardiovascular damage through epigenetic modulation of SIRT3. Circulation 145, 375\u2013391 (2022).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1074_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100357","volume":"24","author":"D Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera, D. et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor modulation by dietary sodium influences NAFLD development in mice. Ann. Hepatol. 24, 100357 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900483X","volume":"24","author":"L Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, L. et al. Association between dietary sodium intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the US population. Public Health Nutr. 24, 993\u20131000 (2021).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122157","volume":"8","author":"EH Van Den Berg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Den Berg, E. H., Gruppen, E. G., Blokzijl, H., Bakker, S. J. L. & Dullaart, R. P. F. Higher sodium intake assessed by 24 hour urinary sodium excretion is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the Prevend cohort study. J. Clin. Med. 8, 2157 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1074_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003391","volume":"116","author":"Y Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, Y. et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br. J. Nutr. 116, 1447\u20131456 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143222","volume":"10","author":"JH Huh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huh, J. H. et al. High dietary sodium intake assessed by estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion is associated with NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis. PLOS ONE 10, e0143222 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"1074_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943790","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.943790","volume":"9","author":"F Takahashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takahashi, F. et al. The association of salt intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Front. Nutr. 9, 943790 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930316","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.930316","volume":"9","author":"X Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, X. et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with salt intake and dietary diversity in chinese medical examination adults aged 18\u201359 years: a cross-sectional study. Front. Nutr. 9, 930316 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2349930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.49930","volume":"6","author":"R Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, R. et al. Self-reported frequency of adding salt to food and risk of incident chronic kidney disease. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2349930 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1074_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600737","volume":"53","author":"J Van Der Veen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Der Veen, J., De Graaf, C., Van Dis, S. & Van Staveren, W. Determinants of salt use in cooked meals in the Netherlands: attitudes and practices of food preparers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 388\u2013394 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz110","volume":"149","author":"ZS Quader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quader, Z. S. et al. Self-reported measures of discretionary salt use accurately estimated sodium intake overall but not in certain subgroups of US adults from 3 geographic regions in the salt sources study. J. Nutr. 149, 1623\u20131632 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.09.039","volume":"80","author":"H Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, H., Wang, X., Li, X., Heianza, Y. & Qi, L. Adding salt to foods and risk of cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 80, 2157\u20132167 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"1074_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2025.03.004","volume":"136","author":"Q Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Feng, H., Zhang, N. & Yang, Z. High salt diet causally increases metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Nutr. Res. 136, 94\u2013104 (2025).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"1074_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2781","volume":"10","author":"S Shojaei-Zarghani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shojaei-Zarghani, S., Safarpour, A. R., Fattahi, M. R. & Keshtkar, A. Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Food Sci. Nutr. 10, 1579\u20131591 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","volume":"67","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalasani, N. et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the american association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 67, 328\u2013357 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1074_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01199-5","volume":"54","author":"G Sveinbjornsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sveinbjornsson, G. et al. Multiomics study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat. Genet. 54, 1652\u20131663 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1074_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.003","volume":"73","author":"QM Anstee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anstee, Q. M. et al. Genome-wide association study of non-alcoholic fatty liver and steatohepatitis in a histologically characterised cohort\u2730. J. Hepatol. 73, 505\u2013515 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.045","volume":"81","author":"VL Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, V. L. et al. Genetic risk accentuates dietary effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in a population-based cohort. J. Hepatol. 81, 379\u2013388 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow, C. et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLOS Med. 12, e1001779 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"1074_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15948-9","volume":"11","author":"TJ Littlejohns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Littlejohns, T. J. et al. The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions. Nat. Commun. 11, 2624 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1074_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31726","volume":"74","author":"H Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6m, H. et al. Administrative coding in electronic health care record-based research of NAFLD: an expert panel consensus statement. Hepatology 74, 474\u2013482 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1074_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000942","volume":"14","author":"B Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, B. et al. Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ, a low-cost, web-based method for assessment of previous 24 h dietary intakes in large-scale prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 14, 1998\u20132005 (2011).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt066","volume":"177","author":"IJ Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown, I. J. et al. Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from casual urinary sodium concentrations in western populations. Am. J. Epidemiol. 177, 1180\u20131192 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1074_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.059436","volume":"98","author":"ME Cogswell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cogswell, M. E. et al. Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18\u201339. y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 1502\u20131513 (2013).","journal-title":"y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1074_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.032","volume":"73","author":"CA Parisinos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parisinos, C. A. et al. Genome-wide and Mendelian randomisation studies of liver MRI yield insights into the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. J. Hepatol. 73, 241\u2013251 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172921","volume":"12","author":"HR Wilman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilman, H. R. et al. Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort. PLoS ONE 12, e0172921 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1074_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15830","volume":"52","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. Clinical assessment for high-risk patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care and diabetology practices. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 52, 513\u2013526 (2020).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1074_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.216077","volume":"59","author":"S McPherson","year":"2010","unstructured":"McPherson, S., Stewart, S. F., Henderson, E., Burt, A. D. & Day, C. P. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 59, 1265\u20131269 (2010).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1074_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.453","volume":"112","author":"S McPherson","year":"2017","unstructured":"McPherson, S. et al. Age as a confounding factor for the accurate non-invasive diagnosis of advanced NAFLD fibrosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 740\u2013751 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1074_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515","volume":"81","author":"PM Grambsch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grambsch, P. M. & Therneau, T. M. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika 81, 515\u2013526 (1994).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"1074_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 133, 187\u2013225 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1074_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.010","volume":"76","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha, F. et al. Associations of muscle mass and grip strength with severe NAFLD: A prospective study of 333,295 UK Biobank participants. J. Hepatol. 76, 1021\u20131029 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym276","volume":"37","author":"P Elliott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elliott, P. & Peakman, T. C. & on behalf of UK Biobank. The UK Biobank sample handling and storage protocol for the collection, processing and archiving of human blood and urine. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37, 234\u2013244 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1074_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft, C. et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562, 203\u2013209 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1074_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buuren, S. Van & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J. Stat. Softw. 45, 1\u201367 (2011).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"1074_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nevo, D., Liao, X. & Spiegelman, D. Estimation and inference for the mediation proportion. Int. J. Biostat. 13, 20170006 (2017).","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2017-0006"},{"key":"1074_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2258","volume":"45","author":"M Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, M. et al. Associations between dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study of 120,343 UK Biobank participants. Diab. Care 45, 1315\u20131325 (2022).","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"1074_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13551","volume":"21","author":"NRC Campbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campbell, N. R. C. et al. The International consortium for quality research on dietary sodium\/salt (TRUE) position statement on the use of 24-hour, spot, and short duration (<24 hours) timed urine collections to assess dietary sodium intake. J. Clin. Hypertens. 21, 700\u2013709 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"1074_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac208","volume":"43","author":"H Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, H. et al. Adding salt to foods and hazard of premature mortality. Eur. Heart J. 43, 2878\u20132888 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"1074_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07368","volume":"68","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Combination of chronic alcohol consumption and high-salt intake elicits gut microbial alterations and liver steatosis in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 68, 1750\u20131759 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"1074_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02090-4","volume":"21","author":"X Nan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nan, X. et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 21, 135 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"1074_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001339","volume":"54","author":"A Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, A. et al. Accuracy of noninvasive fibrosis scores to detect advanced fibrosis in patients with type-2 diabetes with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 54, 891\u2013897 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1074_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01467-7","volume":"57","author":"T Alkayyali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alkayyali, T., Qutranji, L., Kaya, E., Bakir, A. & Yilmaz, Y. Clinical utility of noninvasive scores in assessing advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study in biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Diabetol. 57, 613\u2013618 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"1074_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2058285","volume":"134","author":"J Rigor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rigor, J., Diegues, A., Presa, J., Barata, P. & Martins-Mendes, D. Noninvasive fibrosis tools in NAFLD: validation of APRI, BARD, FIB-4, NAFLD fibrosis score, and Hepamet fibrosis score in a Portuguese population. Postgrad. Med. 134, 435\u2013440 (2022).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"1074_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaya, E. The utility of noninvasive scores in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with normal and elevated serum transaminases. Hepatol. Forum 10, 8\u201313 (2020).","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2020.0006"},{"key":"1074_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19173","volume":"14","author":"E Kaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaya, E. et al. Simple noninvasive scores are clinically useful to exclude, not predict, advanced fibrosis: a study in Turkish patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut Liver 14, 486\u2013491 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"1074_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001946","volume":"34","author":"F Eren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eren, F., Kaya, E. & Yilmaz, Y. Accuracy of Fibrosis-4 index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis scores in metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease according to body mass index: failure in the prediction of advanced fibrosis in lean and morbidly obese individuals. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 34, 98\u2013103 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1074_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1303-5","volume":"47","author":"M Vedovato","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vedovato, M. et al. Effect of sodium intake on blood pressure and albuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients: the role of insulin resistance. Diabetologia 47, 300\u2013303 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1074_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0002-9","volume":"14","author":"Y Uetake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uetake, Y. et al. High-salt in addition to high-fat diet may enhance inflammation and fibrosis in liver steatosis induced by oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in mice. Lipids Health Dis. 14, 6 (2015).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"1074_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T. & Jurgens, G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, 4022 (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004022.pub5"},{"key":"1074_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00789-4","volume":"21","author":"N Salari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salari, N. et al. Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord. 21, 125 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"1074_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901974116","volume":"116","author":"S BasuRay","year":"2019","unstructured":"BasuRay, S., Wang, Y., Smagris, E., Cohen, J. C. & Hobbs, H. H. Accumulation of PNPLA3 on lipid droplets is the basis of associated hepatic steatosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 9521\u20139526 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1074_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183942","volume":"15","author":"B Heller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heller, B. et al. Salt-intake-related behavior varies between sexes and is strongly associated with daily salt consumption in obese patients at high risk for MASLD. Nutrients. 15, 3942 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01074-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01074-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01074-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T15:45:04Z","timestamp":1757346304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-025-01074-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-01074-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"342"}}