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It draws on evidence that has been continuously updated throughout the pandemic by the interdisciplinary working group \u2018SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics and Evolution\u2019 at Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Germany\u2019s national public health institute. We describe basic SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and highlight notable virus variants from 2020 to mid-2023. During this period, the nationwide collection of SARS-CoV-2 genomes provided a substantial resource for monitoring viral lineage frequencies and mutations. We summarize this dataset to underscore the importance of virological surveillance in the context of public health and pandemic preparedness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01093-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:40:43Z","timestamp":1763138443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A public health perspective of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and surveillance strategies in Germany from 2020 to 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