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However, not everyone ages at the same pace and some people remain in good health and preserve physical and cognitive function into old age. To quantify inter-individual differences in the biological aging process, numerous indicators of biological age have been developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we analyzed 16 measures of biological aging including epigenetic clocks, proteomics clock, telomere length, and SkinAge, laboratory composite markers (BioAge, Allostatic Load), psychological aging, and Brain Age. These age markers were evaluated cross-sectionally as well as longitudinally in the context of age-associated outcomes covering frailty, mobility, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, autonomy in daily life, nutrition, morbidity, and chronic disease in participants of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we analyze longitudinal data from 1083 participants (mean age of 68.3 years at baseline, 52% women) with an average follow-up period of 7.4 years. Allostatic Load Index and DunedinPACE show the strongest and most consistent cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with age-associated phenotypes. Furthermore, both biomarkers individually increase the accuracy of a logistic regression model trained to predict incident cases of Metabolic Syndrome, high cardiovascular risk (Lifes\u2019s Simple 7) as well as incident frailty (Fried\u2019s frailty index) 7.4 years after baseline examination by up to 24 percentage points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support the previously shown distinction between indicators of aging and provide a comprehensive overview of their individual strengths and weaknesses in the context of wide variety of age-associated phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01233-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1774609364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison of sixteen markers of biological aging from the Berlin Aging Study II"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5003-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin Max","family":"Vetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Drewelies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Homann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"D\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Deecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Jawinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Kubala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Markett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"M\u00fclleder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9535-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ralser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulman","family":"Lindenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Gerstorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilja","family":"Demuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oeppen, J. & Vaupel, J. 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