{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:57:00Z","timestamp":1787003820366,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01409-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:23:17Z","timestamp":1770704597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessments of social vulnerability on central nervous system cancer disparities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Fei-Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim C.","family":"Lutfallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Chelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Paludo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urjeet A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill N.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Rastatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Sheyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf194","volume":"27","author":"M Price","year":"2025","unstructured":"Price, M. et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2018\u20132022. Neuro Oncol. 27, iv1\u2013iv66 (2025).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR2","first-page":"407","volume":"34","author":"T Tran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tran, T. et al. The social vulnerability index as a risk stratification tool for health disparity research in cancer patients: a scoping review. Cancer Causes Control 34, 407\u2013420 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"1409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.8983","volume":"27","author":"BD Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith, B. D., Smith, G. L., Hurria, A., Hortobagyi, G. N. & Buchholz, T. A. Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2758\u20132765 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1534","volume":"29","author":"AB Mariotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mariotto, A. B., Enewold, L., Zhao, J., Zeruto, C. A. & Yabroff, K. R. Medical care costs associated with cancer survivorship in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 29, 1304\u20131312 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"1409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01038-6","volume":"124","author":"VA Zavala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zavala, V. A. et al. Cancer health disparities in racial\/ethnic minorities in the United States. Br. J. Cancer 124, 315\u2013332 (2021).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.11.010","volume":"49","author":"VF Grabinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grabinski, V. F. & Brawley, O. W. Disparities in breast cancer. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 49, 149\u2013165 (2022).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"1409_CR7","first-page":"31","volume":"70","author":"KI Alcaraz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alcaraz, K. I. et al. Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: a blueprint for practice, research, and policy. CA Cancer J. Clin. 70, 31\u201346 (2020).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"1409_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01541-0","volume":"400","author":"X Ni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ni, X. et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence and access to health services among children and adolescents in China: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 400, 1020\u20131032 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1409_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, A. E. et al. Social determinants of health and the prediction of 90-day mortality among brain tumor patients. J. Neurosurg. 137(5), 1338\u20131346 (2022).","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.1.JNS212829"},{"key":"1409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aguirre, A. O. et al. Social determinants of health and associations with outcomes in pediatric patients with brain tumors. Neurosurgery, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0000000000002624 (2023).","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002624"},{"key":"1409_CR11","unstructured":"CDC\/ATSDR SVI Fact Sheet. Place and Health. ATSDR. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/svi\/fact_sheet\/fact_sheet.html (2023) (accessed Aug 31, 2023)."},{"key":"1409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.08.020","volume":"64","author":"KM Fletcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher, K. M. et al. Social vulnerability and county stay-at-home behavior during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders, United States, April 7\u2013April 20, 2020. Ann. Epidemiol. 64, 76\u201382 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dasgupta, S. Association between social vulnerability and a county\u2019s risk for becoming a COVID-19 hotspot \u2014 United States, June 1\u2013July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 69, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6942a3 (2020).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6942a3"},{"key":"1409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211036750","volume":"136","author":"S Troppy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Troppy, S. et al. Geographic associations between social factors and SARS-CoV-2 testing early in the COVID-19 pandemic, February\u2013June 2020, Massachusetts. Public Health Rep. 136, 765\u2013773 (2021).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"1409_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.5554","volume":"156","author":"RA Azap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azap, R. A., Hyer, J. M., Diaz, A., Paredes, A. Z. & Pawlik, T. M. Association of county-level vulnerability, patient-level race\/ethnicity, and receipt of surgery for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg. 156, 197\u2013199 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"1409_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goyal, A., Fei-Zhang, D. J., Pawlik, T. M., Bentrem, D. J. & Wayne, J. D. Associations of social vulnerability with truncal and extremity melanomas in the United States. J. Surg. Oncol. 129, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jso.27532 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27532"},{"key":"1409_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCampbell, L., Fei-Zhang, D. J., Chelius, D., Rastatter, J. & Sheyn, A. Analyzing County-level Social Vulnerabilities of Head and Neck Melanomas in the United States. Laryngoscope 134(1), 185\u2013190 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30832"},{"key":"1409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230016","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0016","volume":"6","author":"DJ Fei-Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei-Zhang, D. J. et al. Assessment of social vulnerability in pediatric head and neck cancer care and prognosis in the United States. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e230016 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1409_CR19","unstructured":"ICD O 3 Coding Updates. NAACCR. https:\/\/www.naaccr.org\/icdo3\/ (2025)."},{"key":"1409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom, Q. T. et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019. Neuro Oncol. 24, v1\u2013v95 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR21","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2024)."},{"key":"1409_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel, D. Sjoberg and Karissa Whiting and Michael Curry and Jessica A. Lavery and Joseph Larmarange. Reproducible Summary Tables with the gtsummary Package. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/RJ-2021-053 (2021).","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2021-053"},{"key":"1409_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686.(2019).","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"1409_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-018-1108-5","volume":"35","author":"J Nilsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nilsson, J., Holgersson, G., J\u00e4r\u00e5s, J., Bergstr\u00f6m, S. & Bergqvist, M. The role of income in brain tumor patients: a descriptive register-based study. Med. Oncol. 35, 52 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-207002","volume":"70","author":"AR Khanolkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khanolkar, A. R. et al. Socioeconomic position and the risk of brain tumour: a Swedish national population-based cohort study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 70, 1222\u20131228 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"1409_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorenflo M. P., Shen A., Murphy E. S., Cullen J., Yu J. S. Area-level socioeconomic status is positively correlated with glioblastoma incidence and prognosis in the United States. Front. Oncol. 13, https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1110473 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1110473"},{"key":"1409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34881","volume":"129","author":"D Estevez-Ordonez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Estevez-Ordonez, D. et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in glioblastoma outcomes: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Cancer 129, 3010\u20133022 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1409_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab079","volume":"23","author":"DS Tsang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsang, D. S. & Schulte, F. Beyond the brain: socioeconomic status and race in pediatric brain tumor survivorship. Neuro Oncol. 23, 1050\u20131051 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27257","volume":"128","author":"DJ Fei-Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei-Zhang, D. J. et al. The impact of digital inequities on gastrointestinal cancer disparities in the United States. J. Surg. Oncol. 128, 155\u2013166 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"1409_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.104066","volume":"45","author":"ER Edwards","year":"2024","unstructured":"Edwards, E. R. et al. The impact of digital inequities on laryngeal cancer disparities in the US. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 45, 104066 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"1409_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235522","volume":"15","author":"DJ Fei-Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei-Zhang, D. J. et al. The impact of digital inequities on esophageal cancer disparities in the US. Cancers 15, 5522 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1409_CR32","first-page":"7","volume":"70","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 70, 7\u201330 (2020).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"1409_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02951-z","volume":"316","author":"L McCampbell","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCampbell, L. et al. The impact of race and social vulnerability on head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treatment and staging. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 316, 186 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"1409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70591","volume":"14","author":"DJ Fei-Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fei-Zhang, D. J. et al. Associations of social vulnerability and race-ethnicity with gastrointestinal cancers in the United States. Cancer Med. 14, e70591 (2025).","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"1409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03738-2","volume":"152","author":"E Nieblas-Bedolla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nieblas-Bedolla, E. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities among children with primary central nervous system tumors in the US. J. Neurooncol. 152, 451\u2013466 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"1409_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000931","volume":"31","author":"DJ Fei-Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei-Zhang, D. J., Chelius, D. C., Sheyn, A. M. & Rastatter, J. C. Large-data contextualizations of social determinant associations in pediatric head and neck cancers. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 31, 424 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"1409_CR37","unstructured":"Innovative Uses of SVI During COVID-19. Place and Health. ATSDR. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/project_snapshots\/svitool_covid.html (2021)."}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01409-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01409-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01409-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:15:35Z","timestamp":1773836135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01409-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-026-01409-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"153"}}