{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T18:28:37Z","timestamp":1794508117814,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01540-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:05:05Z","timestamp":1774861505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex-specific cardiometabolic responses during microgravity simulation in European Space Agency VIVALDI dry immersion"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrien","family":"Robin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6405-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastassia","family":"Navasiolava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Bergouignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5014-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Laurens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Frassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Larrouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"de Glisezinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Harant-Farrugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Pavy-Le","family":"Traon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9666-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Kermorgant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Vico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"Linossier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e8le","family":"Chopard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Py","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Moal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Andrew","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Chouk\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9049-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Denise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Normand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Rosnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Bareille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1024-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Billette de Villemeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillemette","family":"Gauquelin-Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Van Ombergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3721-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc-Antoine","family":"Custaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/35059243","volume":"409","author":"RJ White","year":"2001","unstructured":"White, R. J. & Averner, M. Humans in space. Nature 409, 1115\u20131118 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1540_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00152.2010","volume":"299","author":"NM Navasiolava","year":"2010","unstructured":"Navasiolava, N. M. et al. Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 299, H248\u2013H256 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4914","volume":"23","author":"S Mark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mark, S. et al. The impact of sex and gender on adaptation to space: executive summary. J. Womens.Health 23, 941\u2013947 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Womens.Health"},{"key":"1540_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2611","volume":"91","author":"JM Evans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Evans, J. M. et al. Gender differences in autonomic cardiovascular regulation: spectral, hormonal, and hemodynamic indexes. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 2611\u20132618 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00716","volume":"9","author":"JM Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans, J. M., Knapp, C. F. & Goswami, N. Artificial gravity as a countermeasure to the cardiovascular deconditioning of spaceflight: gender perspectives. Front. Physiol. 9, 716 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-03438-7","volume":"634","author":"DA Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green, D. A. SpaceX must share astronaut health data to boost space biomedicine. Nature 634, 782 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1540_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07648-x","volume":"632","author":"CW Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones, C. W. et al. Molecular and physiological changes in the SpaceX Inspiration4 civilian crew. Nature 632, 1155\u20131164 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1540_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00495-8","volume":"11","author":"RM Farrell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farrell, R. M. et al. A moonshot for female astronaut health, a win for all astronauts and space exploration. NPJ Microgravity 11, 38 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"1540_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1750-x","volume":"111","author":"NM Navasiolava","year":"2011","unstructured":"Navasiolava, N. M. et al. Long-term dry immersion: review and prospects. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 1235\u20131260 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00383","volume":"11","author":"A Robin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robin, A. et al. DI-5-CUFFS: venoconstrictive thigh cuffs limit body fluid changes but not orthostatic intolerance induced by a 5-day dry immersion. Front. Physiol. 11, 383 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41990-4","volume":"14","author":"A Robin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robin, A. et al. Comprehensive assessment of physiological responses in women during the ESA dry immersion VIVALDI microgravity simulation. Nat. Commun. 14, 6311 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1540_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00344-0","volume":"10","author":"M Kermorgant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kermorgant, M. et al. Neuro-ophthalmological changes in healthy females exposed to a 5-day dry immersion: a pilot study. NPJ Microgravity 10, 4 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"1540_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00399-z","volume":"10","author":"M Horeau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horeau, M. et al. Dry immersion rapidly disturbs iron metabolism in men and women: results from the VIVALDI studies. NPJ Microgravity 10, 1\u20136 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"1540_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70993","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202502198R","volume":"39","author":"P Jacob","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jacob, P. et al. ESA VIVALDI dry immersion microgravity simulations induce increases in immune biomarkers associated with physical and psychological stress, and sex-specific factors. FASEB J. 39, e70993 (2025).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"1540_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.2.247","volume":"37","author":"DB Dill","year":"1974","unstructured":"Dill, D. B. & Costill, D. L. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 37, 247\u2013248 (1974).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR16","first-page":"6","volume":"12","author":"PT Duyuler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duyuler, P. T. et al. Evaluation of whole blood viscosity in patients with aortic sclerosis. J. Tehran Heart Cent. 12, 6\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Tehran Heart Cent."},{"key":"1540_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100426","volume":"85","author":"F Louisy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Louisy, F. et al. Air plethysmography: an alternative method for assessing peripheral circulatory adaptations during spaceflights. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 85, 383\u2013391 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.6.1726","volume":"82","author":"F Louisy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Louisy, F., Schroiff, P. & G\u00fcell, A. Changes in leg vein filling and emptying characteristics and leg volumes during long-term head-down bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 82, 1726\u20131733 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90110-2","volume":"37","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferrannini, E. The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: a review. Metabolism 37, 287\u2013301 (1988).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1540_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00694","volume":"8","author":"J-O Fortrat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortrat, J.-O., de Holanda, A., Zuj, K., Gauquelin-Koch, G. & Gharib, C. Altered venous function during long-duration spaceflights. Front. Physiol. 8, 694 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-021-00713-8","volume":"19","author":"D Iandolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iandolo, D., Strigini, M., Guignandon, A. & Vico, L. Osteocytes and weightlessness. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 19, 626\u2013636 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"1540_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00952","volume":"11","author":"N Navasiolava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Navasiolava, N. et al. Vascular and microvascular dysfunction induced by microgravity and its analogs in humans: mechanisms and countermeasures. Front. Physiol. 11, 952 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2583.2010","volume":"81","author":"R Gopalakrishnan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, R. et al. Muscle volume, strength, endurance, and exercise loads during 6-month missions in space. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 81, 91\u2013102 (2010).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"1540_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00590.2013","volume":"116","author":"SMC Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, S. M. C. et al. WISE-2005: countermeasures to prevent muscle deconditioning during bed rest in women. J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 654\u2013667 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01728.x","volume":"191","author":"TA Trappe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trappe, T. A., Burd, N. A., Louis, E. S., Lee, G. A. & Trappe, S. W. Influence of concurrent exercise or nutrition countermeasures on thigh and calf muscle size and function during 60 days of bed rest in women. Acta Physiol. 191, 147\u2013159 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.15.1467","volume":"97","author":"AJ Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, A. J. et al. Blood viscosity and elevated carotid intima-media thickness in men and women: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation 97, 1467\u20131473 (1998).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1540_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1915011","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15011","volume":"2","author":"K Marshall-Goebel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marshall-Goebel, K. et al. Assessment of jugular venous blood flow stasis and thrombosis during spaceflight. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e1915011 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1540_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6290.2024","volume":"95","author":"S Levasseur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levasseur, S. et al. Venous thromboembolism in exploration class human spaceflight. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 95, 45\u201353 (2024).","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"1540_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00799","volume":"8","author":"S De Abreu","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Abreu, S. et al. Multi-system deconditioning in 3-day dry immersion without daily raise. Front. Physiol. 8, 799 (2017). oct.","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.003","volume":"160","author":"NM Navasiolava","year":"2011","unstructured":"Navasiolava, N. M. et al. Skin vascular resistance in the standing position increases significantly after 7 days of dry immersion. Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin. 160, 64\u201368 (2011).","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"1540_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273895","volume":"595","author":"R Demangel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Demangel, R. et al. Early structural and functional signature of 3-day human skeletal muscle disuse using the dry immersion model: Short-term muscle deconditioning. J. Physiol. 595, 4301\u20134315 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12064","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112064","volume":"22","author":"T Fovet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fovet, T. et al. Early deconditioning of human skeletal muscles and the effects of a thigh cuff countermeasure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 12064 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1540_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01335-x","author":"L Twomey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Twomey, L. et al. A dry immersion model of microgravity modulates platelet phenotype, miRNA signature, and circulating plasma protein biomarker profile. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01335-x (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1540_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091527","author":"M Hughes-Fulford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hughes-Fulford, M., Carroll, D. J., Allaway, H. C. M., Dunbar, B. J. & Sawyer, A. J. Women in space: a review of known physiological adaptations and health perspectives. Exp. Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP091527 (2024).","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00544.2001","volume":"92","author":"WW Waters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waters, W. W., Ziegler, M. G. & Meck, J. V. Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 586\u2013594 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R496","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00086.2018","volume":"315","author":"JC Buckey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buckey, J. C. et al. Microgravity-induced ocular changes are related to body weight. , Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 315, R496\u2013R499 (2018).","journal-title":", Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR37","first-page":"122","volume":"1","author":"CG Blomqvist","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blomqvist, C. G. et al. Mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance. J. Gravitational Physiol. J. Int. Soc. Gravitational Physiol. 1, 122\u2013124 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Gravitational Physiol. J. Int. Soc. Gravitational Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1748","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00234.2011","volume":"301","author":"M Coup\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coup\u00e9, M. et al. Low-magnitude whole body vibration with resistive exercise as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning after 60 days of head-down bed rest. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301, R1748\u2013R1754 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(08)60019-2","volume":"2","author":"C Gharib","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gharib, C. & Hughson, R. L. Fluid and electrolyte regulation in space. Adv. Space Biol. Med. 2, 113\u2013130 (1992).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Biol. Med."},{"key":"1540_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05963-7","volume":"43","author":"J Jordan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jordan, J., Limper, U. & Tank, J. Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system responses and orthostatic intolerance in astronauts and their relevance in daily medicine. Neurol. Sci. 43, 3039\u20133051 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1540_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.664","volume":"73","author":"JM Fritsch","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fritsch, J. M., Charles, J. B., Bennett, B. S., Jones, M. M. & Eckberg, D. L. Short-duration spaceflight impairs human carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 664\u2013671 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.1.69","volume":"77","author":"RL Hughson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hughson, R. L. et al. Reduced spontaneous baroreflex response slope during lower body negative pressure after 28 days of head-down bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 69\u201377 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000557","volume":"47","author":"CJ Ade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ade, C. J., Broxterman, R. M. & Barstow, T. J. VO(2max) and microgravity exposure: convective versus diffusive O(2) transport. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 47, 1351\u20131361 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"1540_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0252-3","volume":"98","author":"C Capelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Capelli, C. et al. Factors determining the time course of VO2(max) decay during bedrest: implications for VO2(max) limitation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 152\u2013160 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902983","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.902983","volume":"13","author":"A Robin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robin, A. et al. Running vs. resistance exercise to counteract deconditioning induced by 90-day head-down bedrest. Front. Physiol. 13, 902983 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00864.x","volume":"13","author":"A Chopard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chopard, A., Hillock, S. & Jasmin, B. J. Molecular events and signalling pathways involved in skeletal muscle disuse-induced atrophy and the impact of countermeasures. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 3032\u20133050 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"1540_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00412.2023","volume":"135","author":"TA Trappe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trappe, T. A., Tesch, P., Alkner, B. & Trappe, S. Microgravity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in women and men: implications for long-duration spaceflights to the Moon and Mars. J. Appl. Physiol. 135, 1115\u20131119 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR48","first-page":"75","volume":"9","author":"S Besnard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Besnard, S. et al. Venous stagnation induced by 7 days in HDT, in the cerebral, ophthalmic, renal and splanchnic territories. J. Gravitational Physiol. J. Int. Soc. Gravitational Physiol. 9, 75\u201376 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gravitational Physiol. J. Int. Soc. Gravitational Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H3568","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00725.2007","volume":"293","author":"M Lindenberger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lindenberger, M. & L\u00e4nne, T. Decreased capillary filtration but maintained venous compliance in the lower limb of aging women. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293, H3568\u2013H3574 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.07.001","volume":"82","author":"R Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, R. & Chilibeck, P. D. Nutritional interventions during bed rest and spaceflight: prevention of muscle mass and strength loss, bone resorption, glucose intolerance, and cardiovascular problems. Nutr. Res. 82, 11\u201324 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"1540_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00698.2011","volume":"111","author":"A Bergouignan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergouignan, A., Rudwill, F., Simon, C. & Blanc, S. Physical inactivity as the culprit of metabolic inflexibility: evidence from bed-rest studies. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 1201\u20131210 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H628","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00802.2015","volume":"310","author":"RL Hughson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughson, R. L. et al. Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 310, H628\u2013H638 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"1540_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00360-0","volume":"10","author":"E Le Roux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Le Roux, E. et al. Substrate metabolism in male astronauts onboard the International Space Station: the ENERGY study. NPJ Microgravity 10, 39 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"1540_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01376-8","volume":"354","author":"K Spiegel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spiegel, K., Leproult, R. & Van Cauter, E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354, 1435\u20131439 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1540_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2185","volume":"29","author":"SM Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. et al. Men and women in space: bone loss and kidney stone risk after long-duration spaceflight. J. Bone Miner. Res. 29, 1639\u20131645 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01540-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01540-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01540-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:02:47Z","timestamp":1779408167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01540-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-026-01540-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"301"}}