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Left ventromedial prefrontal cortex regions are a \u201chot spot\u201d for slow wave generation. The enhancement of slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5-4\u2009Hz) has been shown to be beneficial, as in improving memory performance. To overcome limitations of current techniques, we assessed the ability of a non-invasive neuromodulatory tool, Transcranial Electrical Stimulation with Temporal Interference (TES-TI), to enhance SWA during NREM sleep overnight in healthy humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The current study is an interim analysis focused on the effects of TES-TI during NREM sleep in a laboratory setting. Two high frequency carriers with 1\u2009Hz difference (TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) produced amplitude-modulated temporal interference at 1Hz. Data were collected at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as part of the STRENGTHEN study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06267521, 02\/12\/2024, single-blind, non-random allocation). Eligible participants were healthy adults (ages 18\u201350) assigned in parallel to one of four groups: (Group 1) TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      (0\u2009Hz difference frequency) 2 nights per week and meditation; (Group 2) TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1\u2009Hz difference frequency) 2 nights per week and sham meditation; (Group 3) TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      1 night per week and meditation; (Group 4) TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      2 nights per week and meditation. Stimulation targeting left ventromedial prefrontal cortex occurred during NREM sleep over repeated nights (\u2009~\u200910 stimulation periods, 3-min each, first half of night, 1-2 nights\/week, 4-week protocol). Twenty-one participants (Groups 2, 3, 4) received TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      and seven participants received TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      (Group 1). SWA was measured using simultaneous high-density electroencephalography with polysomnography.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We show that SWA is increased with TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921 total;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095 Group 2,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910 Group 3,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096 Group 4), and the effect outlasts the stimulation period; higher frequencies (sigma and beta) decrease. During stimulation, SWA is greater in TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      than pure TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097 Group 1). The incremental effects of TES\n                      <jats:sup>15kHz<\/jats:sup>\n                      -TI\n                      <jats:sup>1Hz<\/jats:sup>\n                      on SWA between first and last intervention night are positively associated with subjective ratings of restorative sleep.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that TES-TI enhances SWA and potentially its restorative function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01744-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1782907551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancement of sleep slow wave activity using transcranial 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