{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:25:15Z","timestamp":1786116315692,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dreyfus Foundation Novo Nordisk Pharma AG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy-induced food cravings are associated with excessive gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to measure brain responses to food pictures with varying fat and carbohydrate content during pregnancy in women with and without GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize brain-metabolism coupling, we recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in pregnant individuals with and without GDM (24-36 weeks gestation) while they viewed food pictures varying in fat and carbohydrate content. Eighteen women with untreated GDM and 21 healthy pregnant controls participated. HbA1c levels were obtained from blood samples. Statistical analyses assessed group differences and interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within the initial ~150\u2009ms post-stimulus onset, VEPs exhibited Group \u00d7 Fat (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.103), but no Group \u00d7 Carb, interactions: Healthy pregnant controls showed stronger responses to images of high- versus low-fat foods, whereas individuals with GDM did not. Source estimations localized these effects to brain regions associated with control, attention, and reward. Moreover, brain responses correlated with HbA1c levels in GDM (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.351), but not with pre-pregnancy BMI in either group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide evidence of links between spatiotemporal brain responses to visual food cues and metabolic health in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01792-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1786006939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain responses to food cue viewing in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2673-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Trevi\u00f1o Montemayor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lesniara-Stachon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3091-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Yedu","family":"Quansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sybille","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8462-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Heni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Toepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysa","family":"Retsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0460-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jardena J.","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2018.09.004","volume":"31","author":"LE Blau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blau, L. E., Orloff, N. C., Flammer, A., Slatch, C. & Hormes, J. M. Food craving frequency mediates the relationship between emotional eating and excess weight gain in pregnancy. Eat. Behav. 31, 120\u2013124 (2018).","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"1792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/878607","volume":"2012","author":"KC Allison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allison, K. C., Wrotniak, B. H., Par\u00e9, E. & Sarwer, D. B. Psychosocial characteristics and gestational weight change among overweight, African American pregnant women. Obstet. Gynecol. Int. 2012, 1\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"1792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8799","volume":"30","author":"ZM Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, Z. M. et al. Predictors of gestational weight gain examined as a continuous outcome: a prospective analysis. J. Women\u2019s. Health 30, 1006\u20131015 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s. Health"},{"key":"1792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1996.0060","volume":"28","author":"KA Gendall","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gendall, K. A., Joyce, P. R. & Sullivan, P. F. Impact of definition on prevalence of food cravings in a random sample of young women. Appetite 28, 63\u201372 (1997).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.09.014","volume":"55","author":"LM Belzer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belzer, L. M., Smulian, J. C., Lu, S.-E. & Tepper, B. J. Food cravings and intake of sweet foods in healthy pregnancy and mild gestational diabetes mellitus. A prospective study. Appetite 55, 609\u2013615 (2010).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haddad-T\u00f3volli, R. & Claret, M. Metabolic and feeding adjustments during pregnancy. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-023-00871-y (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00871-y"},{"key":"1792_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3820","volume":"321","author":"E Voerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Voerman, E. et al. Association of gestational weight gain with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 321, 1702 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"1792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342","volume":"19","author":"J Plows","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plows, J., Stanley, J., Baker, P., Reynolds, C. & Vickers, M. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 3342 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1792_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battarbee, A. N., Venkatesh, K. K., Aliaga, S. & Boggess, K. A. The association of pregestational and gestational diabetes with severe neonatal morbidity and mortality. J. Perinatol. 40, 232\u2013239 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0516-5"},{"key":"1792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","volume":"46","author":"NA ElSayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed, N. A. et al. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023. Diab. Care 46, S19\u2013S40 (2023).","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"1792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan, T. A. & Xiang, A. H. Gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Investig. 115, 485\u2013491 (2005).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200524531"},{"key":"1792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","volume":"373","author":"L Bellamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D. & Williams, D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Lancet 373, 1773\u20131779 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2","volume":"62","author":"CK Kramer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kramer, C. K., Campbell, S. & Retnakaran, R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 62, 905\u2013914 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.001","volume":"15","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J. & Baler, R. D. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 37\u201346 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6","volume":"357","author":"G-J Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, G.-J. et al. Brain dopamine and obesity.  Lancet 357, 354\u2013357 (2001).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12303","volume":"16","author":"A Horstmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horstmann, A., Fenske, W. K. & Hankir, M. K. Argument for a non-linear relationship between severity of human obesity and dopaminergic tone. Obes. Rev. 16, 821\u2013830 (2015).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"1792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4744-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"HK Karlsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karlsson, H. K. et al. Obesity is associated with decreased \u03bc-opioid but unaltered dopamine D 2 receptor availability in the brain.  J. Neurosci. 35, 3959\u20133965 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.265","volume":"42","author":"J Majuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majuri, J. et al. Dopamine and opioid neurotransmission in behavioral addictions: a comparative PET study in pathological gambling and binge eating. Neuropsychopharmacology 42, 1169\u20131177 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2014.00007","volume":"1","author":"KM Pursey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pursey, K. M. et al. Neural responses to visual food cues according to weight status: a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Front. Nutr. 1, 7 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"1792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.044024","volume":"97","author":"MJ Martens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martens, M. J. et al. Increased sensitivity to food cues in the fasted state and decreased inhibitory control in the satiated state in the overweight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97, 471\u2013479 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.059","volume":"52","author":"L Batterink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Batterink, L., Yokum, S. & Stice, E. Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 52, 1696\u20131703 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.071","volume":"59","author":"DL Murdaugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murdaugh, D. L., Cox, J. E., Cook, E. W. & Weller, R. E. fMRI reactivity to high-calorie food pictures predicts short- and long-term outcome in a weight-loss program. Neuroimage 59, 2709\u20132721 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11077","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6383-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"TA Hare","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hare, T. A., Malmaud, J. & Rangel, A. Focusing attention on the health aspects of foods changes value signals in vmPFC and improves dietary choice. J. Neurosci. 31, 11077\u201311087 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.213","volume":"36","author":"A Frankort","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frankort, A. et al. Reward activity in satiated overweight women is decreased during unbiased viewing but increased when imagining taste: an event-related fMRI study. Int. J. Obes. 36, 627\u2013637 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"1792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200505310-00016","volume":"16","author":"WDS Killgore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Killgore, W. D. S. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. Body mass predicts orbitofrontal activity during visual presentations of high-calorie foods. Neuroreport 16, 859\u2013863 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"1792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948063","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.948063","volume":"17","author":"V Poghosyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poghosyan, V. et al. Spatiotemporal profile of altered neural reactivity to food images in obesity: reward system is altered automatically and predicts efficacy of weight loss intervention. Front. Neurosci. 17, 948063 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.005","volume":"44","author":"U Toepel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toepel, U., Knebel, J.-F., Hudry, J., le Coutre, J. & Murray, M. M. The brain tracks the energetic value in food images. Neuroimage 44, 967\u2013974 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113819","volume":"252","author":"S Baines","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baines, S., Hensels, I. S. & Talmi, D. An EEG study on the effect of being overweight on anticipatory and consummatory reward in response to pleasant taste stimuli. Physiol. Behav. 252, 113819 (2022).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"1792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036778","volume":"7","author":"U Toepel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toepel, U., Knebel, J.-F., Hudry, J., le Coutre, J. & Murray, M. M. Gender and weight shape brain dynamics during food viewing. PLoS ONE 7, e36778 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10316","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3607-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"E Stice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stice, E., Burger, K. S. & Yokum, S. Reward region responsivity predicts future weight gain and moderating effects of the TaqIA allele. J. Neurosci. 35, 10316\u201310324 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.081","volume":"50","author":"E Stice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stice, E., Yokum, S., Bohon, C., Marti, N. & Smolen, A. Reward circuitry responsivity to food predicts future increases in body mass: moderating effects of DRD2 and DRD4. Neuroimage 50, 1618\u20131625 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21424","volume":"24","author":"N Puzziferri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puzziferri, N. et al. Brain imaging demonstrates a reduced neural impact of eating in obesity. Obesity 24, 829\u2013836 (2016).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1792_CR33","first-page":"E522","volume":"314","author":"R Belfort-DeAguiar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belfort-DeAguiar, R. et al. Humans with obesity have disordered brain responses to food images during physiological hyperglycemia. Am. J. Physiol. 314, E522\u2013E529 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1792_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1253-z","volume":"52","author":"M Chechlacz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chechlacz, M. et al. Diabetes dietary management alters responses to food pictures in brain regions associated with motivation and emotion: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Diabetologia 52, 524\u2013533 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1792_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22223","volume":"35","author":"M Heni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heni, M. et al. Differential effect of glucose ingestion on the neural processing of food stimuli in lean and overweight adults. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 918\u2013928 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1792_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067013","volume":"13","author":"A Lesniara-Stachon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lesniara-Stachon, A. et al. Brain responses to food viewing in women during pregnancy and post partum and their relationship with metabolic health: study protocol for the FOODY Brain Study, a prospective observational study. BMJ Open 13, e067013 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1792_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33, 676\u2013682 (2010).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"key":"1792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e328332d24e","volume":"21","author":"KM Rasmussen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rasmussen, K. M., Catalano, P. M. & Yaktine, A. L. New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician\/gynecologists should know. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 21, 521\u2013526 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1792_CR39","unstructured":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Suisse de Nutrition. Assiette optimale. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Suisse de Nutrition (SSN) https:\/\/www.sge-ssn.ch\/fr\/recommandations\/recommandations-officielles\/assiette-optimale\/."},{"key":"1792_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.016","volume":"40","author":"J-O Jeppsson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jeppsson, J.-O. et al. Approved IFCC Reference Method for the Measurement of HbA1c in Human Blood. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 40, 78\u201389 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"1792_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00307","volume":"10","author":"J Blechert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blechert, J., Lender, A., Polk, S., Busch, N. A. & Ohla, K. Food-Pics_Extended\u2014an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite: additional images, normative ratings and an updated review. Front. Psychol. 10, 307 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1792_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0046-5","volume":"20","author":"JF Knebel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knebel, J. F., Toepel, U., Hudry, J., Le Coutre, J. & Murray, M. M. Generating controlled image sets in cognitive neuroscience research. Brain Topogr. 20, 284\u2013289 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97\u2013113 (1971).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1792_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/813870","volume":"2011","author":"D Brunet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunet, D., Murray, M. M. & Michel, C. M. Spatiotemporal analysis of multichannel EEG: CARTOOL. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, 1\u201315 (2011).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90141-6","volume":"66","author":"F Perrin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Perrin, F., Pernier, J., Bertnard, O., Giard, M. H. & Echallier, J. F. Mapping of scalp potentials by surface spline interpolation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 66, 75\u201381 (1987).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1792_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.039","volume":"61","author":"CM Michel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michel, C. M. & Murray, M. M. Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool. Neuroimage 61, 371\u2013385 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-013-0310-1","volume":"27","author":"T Koenig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koenig, T., Stein, M., Grieder, M. & Kottlow, M. A tutorial on data-driven methods for statistically assessing ERP topographies. Brain Topogr. 27, 72\u201383 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90419-8","volume":"48","author":"D Lehmann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lehmann, D. & Skrandies, W. Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48, 609\u2013621 (1980).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1792_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128870","volume":"3","author":"W Skrandies","year":"1990","unstructured":"Skrandies, W. Global field power and topographic similarity. Brain Topogr. 3, 137\u2013141 (1990).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0054-5","volume":"20","author":"MM Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray, M. M., Brunet, D. & Michel, C. M. Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review. Brain Topogr. 20, 249\u2013264 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.029","volume":"194","author":"L Br\u00e9chet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Br\u00e9chet, L. et al. Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of self-generated, task-initiated thoughts with EEG and fMRI. Neuroimage 194, 82\u201392 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michel, C. M. et al. EEG source imaging. Clin. Neurophysiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.001 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.001"},{"key":"1792_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grave De Peralta Menendez, R., Murray, M. M., Michel, C. M., Martuzzi, R. & Gonzalez Andino, S. L. Electrical neuroimaging based on biophysical constraints. Neuroimage 21, 527\u2013539 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.051"},{"key":"1792_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012944913650","volume":"14","author":"RGDP Menendez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menendez, R. G. D. P., Andino, S. G., Lantz, G., Michel, C. M. & Landis, T. Noninvasive localization of electromagnetic epileptic activity. I. Method descriptions and simulations. Brain Topogr. 14, 131\u2013137 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026607118642","volume":"13","author":"L Spinelli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spinelli, L. Electromagnetic inverse solutions in anatomically constrained spherical head models. Brain Topogr. 13, 115\u2013125 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.031","volume":"59","author":"JF Knebel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knebel, J. F. & Murray, M. M. Towards a resolution of conflicting models of illusory contour processing in humans. Neuroimage 59, 2808\u20132817 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01022-2","volume":"37","author":"C Retsa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Retsa, C. et al. Longstanding auditory sensory and semantic differences in preterm born children. Brain Topogr. 37, 536\u2013551 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1792_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330508","volume":"33","author":"SD Forman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Forman, S. D. et al. Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold. Magn. Reson. Med. 33, 636\u2013647 (1995).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"1792_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D. & Wise, R. A. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nature Neuroscience 8, 555\u2013560 (2005).","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1452"},{"key":"1792_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill, J. O. & Peters, J. C. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.280.5368.1371 (1998).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1371"},{"key":"1792_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Catalano, P. M. & Shankar, K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. Br. Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j1 (2017).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1"},{"key":"1792_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.173","volume":"11","author":"M Heni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heni, M., Kullmann, S., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A. & H\u00e4ring, H.-U. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 701\u2013711 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1792_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2319","volume":"38","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kullmann, S. et al. Selective insulin resistance in homeostatic and cognitive control brain areas in overweight and obese adults. Diab. Care 38, 1044\u20131050 (2015).","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"1792_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30113-3","volume":"8","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kullmann, S. et al. Central nervous pathways of insulin action in the control of metabolism and food intake. Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 8, 524\u2013534 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Diab. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1792_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000341406","volume":"97","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kullmann, S. et al. Intranasal insulin modulates intrinsic reward and prefrontal circuitry of the human brain in lean women. Neuroendocrinology 97, 176\u2013182 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1792_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109","volume":"50","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., Monti, M. M., Duncan, J. & Owen, A. M. The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: inhibition and attentional control. Neuroimage 50, 1313\u20131319 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1792_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seghier, M. L. The angular gyrus: multiple functions and multiple subdivisions. Neuroscientist https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858412440596 (2013).","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412440596"},{"key":"1792_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gottlieb, J. From thought to action: the parietal cortex as a bridge between perception, action, and cognition. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.009 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.009"},{"key":"1792_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa076","volume":"15","author":"JE Pierce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierce, J. E. & P\u00e9ron, J. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum in human emotion. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 15, 599\u2013613 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"1792_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00215-3","volume":"14","author":"M Arsalidou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arsalidou, M., Vijayarajah, S. & Sharaev, M. Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward. Brain Imaging Behav. 14, 2618\u20132646 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"1792_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramnani, N. & Owen, A. M. Anterior prefrontal cortex: Insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1343 (2004).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1343"},{"key":"1792_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12265","volume":"16","author":"JJ Hendrikse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hendrikse, J. J. et al. Attentional biases for food cues in overweight and individuals with obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Obes. Rev. 16, 424\u2013432 (2015).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"1792_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1999","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa053","volume":"105","author":"PK Edelson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edelson, P. K. et al. Longitudinal changes in the relationship between hemoglobin A1c and glucose tolerance across pregnancy and postpartum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, e1999\u2013e2007 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1792_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2026.109293","volume":"40","author":"M Trevi\u00f1o Montemayor","year":"2026","unstructured":"Trevi\u00f1o Montemayor, M. et al. Sleep and eating patterns in individuals with gestational diabetes: associations with daily overnight and morning glucose using continuous glucose monitoring. J. Diab. Complic. 40, 109293 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Diab. Complic."}],"container-title":["Communications Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01792-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01792-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01792-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:02:25Z","timestamp":1786006945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43856-026-01792-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-026-01792-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-664X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-664X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"426"}}