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Here we show that PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells from murine atherosclerotic aortas mainly display a progenitor exhausted phenotype (PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    Slamf6\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Tim3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), produce IFN\u03b3 in vivo, exhibit signs of recent proliferation and maintain polyfunctionality. PD-1 blockade induced marked changes in plaque immune phenotype, with increased PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell accumulation, IFN\u03b3 production, formation of lymphocyte foci and neutrophil recruitment. Depletion of PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells prior to PD-1 blockade did not impede T cell recruitment, suggesting a role for progenitor exhausted PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in ICI-driven T cell plaque accumulation. Human circulating PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells produced IFN\u03b3 and were associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Our studies highlight IFN\u03b3-producing PD-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells as a potential key immune cell population mediating increased cardiovascular risk in patients with cancer receiving ICI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-025-00713-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T09:02:25Z","timestamp":1759827745000},"page":"1311-1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Progenitor exhausted PD-1+ T cells are cellular targets of immune checkpoint inhibition in atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Mulholland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4969-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthi","family":"Chalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7497-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel H. 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