{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:13:53Z","timestamp":1792336433798,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Eng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-025-00475-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T11:58:42Z","timestamp":1753531122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design and application of a realistic and multifunctional retinal phantom for standardizing ophthalmic imaging systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Geol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1639-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2084567","volume":"3","author":"MD Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abr\u00e0moff, M. D., Garvin, M. K. & Sonka, M. Retinal imaging and image analysis. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 169\u2013208 (2010).","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"475_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2019.100203","volume":"35","author":"M Badar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badar, M., Haris, M. & Fatima, A. Application of deep learning for retinal image analysis: a review. Comput. Sci. Rev. 35, 100203 (2020).","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"475_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.39","volume":"64","author":"S Drag","year":"2023","unstructured":"Drag, S., Dotiwala, F. & Upadhyay, A. K. Gene therapy for retinal degenerative diseases: progress, challenges, and future directions. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 64, 39 (2023).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05016-x","volume":"22","author":"AS Khaboushan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khaboushan, A. S. et al. Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. J. Transl. Med. 22, 227 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"475_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/42\/5\/014","volume":"42","author":"PF Sharp","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sharp, P. F. & Manivannan, A. The scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 951 (1997).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"475_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-022-00421-0","volume":"8","author":"MA Mainster","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mainster, M. A., Desmettre, T., Querques, G., Turner, P. L. & Ledesma-Gil, G. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy retroillumination: applications and illusions. Int. J. Retin. Vitr. 8, 71 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"475_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.001305","volume":"4","author":"A Pinhas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinhas, A. et al. In vivo imaging of human retinal microvasculature using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography. Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1305\u20131317 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","volume":"133","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spaide, R. F., Klancnik, J. M. & Cooney, M. J. Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 133, 45\u201350 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"475_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199506000-00005","volume":"6","author":"JS Slakter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Slakter, J. S., Yannuzzi, L. A., Guyer, D. R., Sorenson, J. A. & Orlock, D. A. Indocyanine-green angiography. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 6, 25\u201332 (1995).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"475_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00123-5","volume":"45","author":"T Desmettre","year":"2000","unstructured":"Desmettre, T., Devoisselle, J. M. & Mordon, S. Fluorescence properties and metabolic features of indocyanine green (ICG) as related to angiography. Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, 15\u201327 (2000).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"475_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318164a907","volume":"28","author":"S Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Holz, F. G., Bird, A. C. & Spaide, R. F. Fundus autofluorescence imaging: review and perspectives. Retina 28, 385\u2013409 (2008).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"475_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100893","volume":"81","author":"S Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmitz-Valckenberg, S. et al. Fundus autofluorescence imaging. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 81, 100893 (2021).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"475_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","volume":"254","author":"D Huang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huang, D. et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science 254, 1178\u20131181 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"475_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexler, W. & Fujimoto, J. G. Optical Coherence Tomography: Technology and Applications. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77550-8"},{"key":"475_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0005-8","volume":"1","author":"TE De Carlo","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Carlo, T. E., Romano, A., Waheed, N. K. & Duker, J. S. A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Int. J. Retin. Vitr. 1, 1\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"475_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","volume":"64","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spaide, R. F., Fujimoto, J. G., Waheed, N. K., Sadda, S. R. & Staurenghi, G. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 64, 1\u201355 (2018).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"475_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldu022","volume":"111","author":"T Ilginis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ilginis, T., Clarke, J. & Patel, P. J. Ophthalmic imaging. Br. Med. Bull. 111, 77\u201378 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"475_CR18","first-page":"327","volume":"8","author":"IH Kwon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwon, I. H., Kim, H.-S., Kim, D. Y., Lee, H.-J. & Lee, S.-W. Utilizing optical phantoms for biomedical-optics technology: Recent advances and challenges. Curr. Opt. Photonics 8, 327\u2013344 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"475_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95982-9","volume":"11","author":"KS Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, K. S. et al. Phase stable swept-source optical coherence tomography with active mode-locking laser for contrast enhancements of retinal angiography. Sci. Rep. 11, 16636 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"475_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200018","volume":"6","author":"R de Kinkelder","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Kinkelder, R., de Bruin, D. M., Verbraak, F. D., van Leeuwen, T. G. & Faber, D. J. Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography systems using a phantom eye model. J. Biophotonics 6, 314\u2013320 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"475_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021106","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.2.021106","volume":"19","author":"J Baxi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baxi, J. et al. Retina-simulating phantom for optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt. 19, 021106 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"475_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.8.085004","volume":"20","author":"GC Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, G. C., Smith, G. T., Agrawal, M., Leng, T. & Ellerbee, A. K. Fabrication of healthy and disease-mimicking retinal phantoms with tapered foveal pits for optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 085004 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"475_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18738","volume":"57","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal, A. et al. Optic nerve head measurements with optical coherence tomography: a phantom-based study reveals differences among clinical devices. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 57, OCT413\u2013OCT420 (2016).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850013","DOI":"10.1142\/S179354581850013X","volume":"11","author":"Z Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao, Z. et al. Model eyes with curved multilayer structure for the axial resolution evaluation of an ophthalmic optical coherence tomography device. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 11, 1850013 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"475_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000064","volume":"22","author":"Z Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Milner, T. E., Dave, D. & Nelson, J. S. Optical Doppler tomographic imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media. Opt. Lett. 22, 64\u201366 (1997).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"475_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.002085","volume":"27","author":"S Yazdanfar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yazdanfar, S. & Izatt, J. A. Self-referenced Doppler optical coherence tomography. Opt. Lett. 27, 2085\u20132087 (2002).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"475_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6217","volume":"52","author":"DJ Mordant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mordant, D. J. et al. Validation of human whole blood oximetry, using a hyperspectral fundus camera with a model eye. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 2851\u20132859 (2011).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.3390\/s120606920","volume":"12","author":"H Jeong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeong, H. et al. Ultra-fast displaying spectral domain optical Doppler tomography system using a graphics processing unit. Sensors 12, 6920\u20136929 (2012).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"475_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.001909","volume":"4","author":"J Tokayer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tokayer, J., Jia, Y., Dhalla, A.-H. & Huang, D. Blood flow velocity quantification using split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1909\u20131924 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"086003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.8.086003","volume":"23","author":"M Damodaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damodaran, M., Amelink, A. & De Boer, J. F. Optimal wavelengths for subdiffuse scanning laser oximetry of the human retina. J. Biomed. Opt. 23, 086003 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"475_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.001350","volume":"3","author":"L Luu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luu, L., Roman, P. A., Mathews, S. A. & Ramella-Roman, J. C. Microfluidics based phantoms of superficial vascular network. Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 1350\u20131364 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40648-016-0059-x","volume":"3","author":"T Hayakawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayakawa, T. et al. Retinal vessel model fabricated on a curved surface structure for a simulation of microcannulation. ROBOMECH J. 3, 1\u20138 (2016).","journal-title":"ROBOMECH J."},{"key":"475_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.523115","volume":"15","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Rapid prototyping of a retinal multivascular network phantom for optical retinal vascular imaging equipment evaluation. Biomed. Opt. Express 15, 4253\u20134263 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.005535","volume":"10","author":"H-J Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Samiudin, N. M., Lee, T. G., Doh, I. & Lee, S.-W. Retina phantom for the evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiography based on microfluidic channels. Biomed. Opt. Express 10, 5535\u20135548 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-024-00218-z","volume":"3","author":"S Manohar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manohar, S., Sechopoulos, I., Anastasio, M. A., Maier-Hein, L. & Gupta, R. Super phantoms: advanced models for testing medical imaging technologies. Commun. Eng. 3, 73 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"475_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11913","volume":"54","author":"N Demirkaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demirkaya, N. et al. Effect of age on individual retinal layer thickness in normal eyes as measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 4934\u20134940 (2013).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR37","first-page":"49","volume":"10","author":"J den Haan","year":"2018","unstructured":"den Haan, J. et al. Retinal thickness correlates with parietal cortical atrophy in early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease and controls. Alzheimer Dement.10, 49\u201355 (2018).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dement."},{"key":"475_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56996-6","volume":"9","author":"J Chua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chua, J. et al. Age-related changes of individual macular retinal layers among Asians. Sci. Rep. 9, 20352 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"475_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25332","volume":"60","author":"C Brandl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brandl, C. et al. Retinal layer thicknesses in early age-related macular degeneration: results from the German AugUR Study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 60, 1581\u20131594 (2019).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49353-0","volume":"9","author":"L J\u00e1\u00f1ez-Escalada","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00e1\u00f1ez-Escalada, L. et al. Spatial analysis of thickness changes in ten retinal layers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients based on optical coherence tomography. Sci. Rep. 9, 13000 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"475_CR41","first-page":"116300N","volume":"11630","author":"H-J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Lee, S.-W., Samiudin, N. M. & Doh, I. Retinal phantom mimicking superficial vascular netwoarks and full retinal layers for OCT and OCT-angiography. Proc. SPIE 11630, 116300N (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"475_CR42","first-page":"116330B","volume":"11633","author":"H-J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Lee, S.-W., Samiudin, N. M. & Doh, I. Retinal phantom applicable to OCT, OCT-angiography, and fundus angiography. Proc. SPIE 11633, 116330B (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"475_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0719-2","volume":"41","author":"CL Srinidhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Srinidhi, C. L., Aparna, P. & Rajan, J. Recent advancements in retinal vessel segmentation. J. Med. Syst. 41, 1\u201322 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"475_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138701","volume":"10","author":"RA Jonas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jonas, R. A. et al. Optic disc-fovea distance, axial length and parapapillary zones. The Beijing Eye Study 2011. PLoS ONE 10, e0138701 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"475_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.39","volume":"4","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hayreh, S. S. In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones. Eye 4, 273\u2013289 (1990).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"475_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","volume":"86","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spaide, R. F. et al. Venous overload choroidopathy: a hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders. Prog. Ret. Eye Res. 86, 100973 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog. Ret. Eye Res."},{"key":"475_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S324245","volume":"15","author":"A Verma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verma, A., Bacci, T., Sarraf, D., Freund, K. B. & Sadda, S. R. Vortex vein imaging: what can it tell us? Clin. Ophthalmol. 15, 3321\u20133331 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"475_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066","volume":"120","author":"LA Branchini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Branchini, L. A. et al. Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 120, 1901\u20131908 (2013).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"475_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182247535","volume":"31","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spaide, R. F. & Curcio, C. A. Anatomical correlates to the bands seen in the outer retina by optical coherence tomography: literature review and model. Retina 31, 1609\u20131619 (2011).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"475_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16955","volume":"56","author":"JC Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, J. C. et al. Objective analysis of hyperreflective outer retinal bands imaged by optical coherence tomography in patients with Stargardt disease. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56, 4662\u20134667 (2015).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15256","volume":"56","author":"DH Ross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ross, D. H. et al. RefMoB, a reflectivity feature model-based automated method for measuring four outer retinal hyperreflective bands in optical coherence tomography. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56, 4166\u20134176 (2015).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"475_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211022674","volume":"246","author":"X Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao, X., Son, T., Kim, T.-H. & Le, D. Interpretation of anatomic correlates of outer retinal bands in optical coherence tomography. Exp. Biol. Med. 246, 2140\u20132150 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"475_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000490908","volume":"25","author":"S Singh Kushwaha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh Kushwaha, S., Patro, N. & Kumar Patro, I. A sequential study of age-related lipofuscin accumulation in hippocampus and striate cortex of rats. Ann. Neurosci. 25, 223\u2013233 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"475_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.000338","volume":"10","author":"RP McNabb","year":"2019","unstructured":"McNabb, R. P. et al. Wide-field whole eye OCT system with demonstration of quantitative retinal curvature estimation. Biomed. Opt. Express 10, 338\u2013355 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR55","unstructured":"ISO 16971, Ophthalmic instruments\u2014Optical coherence tomograph for the posterior segment of the human eye (International Organization for Standardization, 2015)."},{"key":"475_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3807\/JOSK.2015.19.1.055","volume":"19","author":"S-W Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, S.-W. et al. Ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography based on a linear-wavenumber spectrometer. J. Opt. Soc. Korea 19, 55\u201362 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"475_CR57","first-page":"73","volume":"7","author":"H-J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J. & Lee, S.-W. Partial spectrum detection and super-gaussian window function for ultrahigh-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with a linear-k spectrometer. Curr. Opt. Photonics 7, 73\u201382 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"475_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","volume":"20","author":"Y Jia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jia, Y. et al. Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Opt. Express 20, 4710\u20134725 (2012).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03182-7","volume":"11","author":"M Kulyabin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulyabin, M. et al. OCTDL: Optical Coherence Tomography Dataset for Image-Based Deep Learning Methods. Sci. Data 11, 365 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"475_CR60","unstructured":"ISO 10940, Ophthalmic instruments\u2014Fundus cameras (International Organization for Standardization, 2009)."},{"key":"475_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2023.3331198","volume":"43","author":"J Gr\u00f6hl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6hl, J. et al. Moving beyond simulation: data-driven quantitative photoacoustic imaging using tissue-mimicking phantoms. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 43, 1214\u20131224 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"475_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3090857","volume":"40","author":"L Hacker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hacker, L. et al. A copolymer-in-oil tissue-mimicking material with tuneable acoustic and optical characteristics for photoacoustic imaging phantoms. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 40, 3593\u20133603 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"475_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2023.3311688","volume":"71","author":"JM Cormack","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cormack, J. M. et al. Focused shear wave beam propagation in tissue-mimicking phantoms. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 71, 621\u2013630 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"475_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2023.3323983","volume":"71","author":"P Kijanka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kijanka, P., Vasconcelos, L., Mandrekar, J. & Urban, M. W. Evaluation of robustness of S-transform based phase velocity estimation in viscoelastic phantoms and renal transplants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 71, 954\u2013966 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"475_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.395843","volume":"11","author":"W Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, W. et al. Visible light optical coherence tomography angiography (vis-OCTA) facilitates local microvascular oximetry in the human retina. Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 4037\u20134051 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"475_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2510744","volume":"16","author":"F Gao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gao, F., Peng, Q., Feng, X., Gao, B. & Zheng, Y. Single-wavelength blood oxygen saturation sensing with combined optical absorption and scattering. IEEE Sens. J. 16, 1943\u20131948 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Communications Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00475-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00475-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00475-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:14:37Z","timestamp":1757308477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00475-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44172-025-00475-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"134"}}