{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1793384471298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Eng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-026-00611-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:33:25Z","timestamp":1771932805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increasing EEG electrode density improves decoding of visual categories and source localization: an exploratory ultra-high-density EEG study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3272-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonhard","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9222-9409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sieghartsleitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Kapeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Scharinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Spataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Pretl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Guger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"611_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(200003)9:3<156::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"9","author":"WC Machielsen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Machielsen, W. C., Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P. & Witter, M. P. fMRI of visual encoding: Reproducibility of activation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 9, 156 (2000).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"611_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.10.014","volume":"124","author":"M Harpaintner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harpaintner, M., Sim, E.-J., Trumpp, N. M., Ulrich, M. & Kiefer, M. The grounding of abstract concepts in the motor and visual system: an fMRI study. Cortex 124, 1\u201322 (2020).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"611_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119754","volume":"264","author":"AT Gifford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gifford, A. T., Dwivedi, K., Roig, G. & Cichy, R. M. A large and rich EEG dataset for modeling human visual object recognition. NeuroImage 264, 119754 (2022).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0582-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"T Brandman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brandman, T. & Peelen, M. V. Interaction between Scene and Object Processing Revealed by Human fMRI and MEG decoding. J. Neurosci. 37, 7700\u20137710 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanada, T. et al. Multi-modal mapping of the face selective ventral temporal cortex\u2013a group study with clinical implications for ECS, ECoG, and fMRI. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15, (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.616591"},{"key":"611_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01346-z","volume":"26","author":"MA Jensen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jensen, M. A. et al. A motor association area in the depths of the central sulcus. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 1165\u20131169 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herff, C., Krusienski, D. J. & Kubben, P. The potential of stereotactic-EEG for brain-computer interfaces: current progress and future directions. Front. Neurosci. 14, (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00123"},{"key":"611_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011760","volume":"20","author":"T Grootswagers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grootswagers, T., Robinson, A. K., Shatek, S. M. & Carlson, T. A. Mapping the dynamics of visual feature coding: Insights into perception and integration. PLOS Comput. Biol. 20, e1011760 (2024).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"611_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008455","volume":"195","author":"DH Hubel","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. 195, 215\u2013243 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"611_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10010","volume":"15","author":"F Di Russo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Di Russo, F., Mart\u00ednez, A., Sereno, M. I., Pitzalis, S. & Hillyard, S. A. Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential. Hum. Brain Mapp. 15, 95\u2013111 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"611_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661224","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.661224","volume":"3","author":"N Sutaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sutaj, N. et al. Evaluating a novel P300-based real-time image ranking BCI. Front. Comput. Sci. 3, 661224 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"611_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118030","volume":"237","author":"JE Hajonides","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajonides, J. E., Nobre, A. C., van Ede, F. & Stokes, M. G. Decoding visual colour from scalp electroencephalography measurements. NeuroImage 237, 118030 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16377-3","volume":"7","author":"AK Robinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robinson, A. K. et al. Very high density EEG elucidates spatiotemporal aspects of early visual processing. Sci. Rep. 7, 16248 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"611_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00045-2","volume":"114","author":"WJ Freeman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Freeman, W. J., Holmes, M. D., Burke, B. C. & Vanhatalo, S. Spatial spectra of scalp EEG and EMG from awake humans. Clin. Neurophysiol. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114, 1053\u20131068 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/13.10.1","volume":"13","author":"T Carlson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlson, T., Tovar, D. A., Alink, A. & Kriegeskorte, N. Representational dynamics of object vision: The first 1000 ms. J. Vis. 13, 1 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"611_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056013","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/5\/056013","volume":"9","author":"C Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, C., Xiong, S., Hu, X., Yao, L. & Zhang, J. Combining features from ERP components in single-trial EEG for discriminating four-category visual objects. J. Neural Eng. 9, 056013 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"611_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bobe, A. S., Alekseev, A. S., Komarova, M. V. & Fastovets, D. Single-trial ERP Feature Extraction and Classification for Visual Object Recognition Task. in 2018 Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT-MIPT) 188\u2013192 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EnT-MIPT.2018.00049 (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/EnT-MIPT.2018.00049"},{"key":"611_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18275-5","volume":"15","author":"S Sieghartsleitner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sieghartsleitner, S. et al. Decoding of image properties from single-trial visual evoked potentials recorded by ultra-high-density EEG. Sci. Rep. 15, 32917 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"611_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashivan, P., Rish, I., Yeasin, M. & Codella, N. Learning Representations from EEG with Deep Recurrent-Convolutional Neural Networks. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1511.06448 (2016).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1511.06448"},{"key":"611_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056013","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aace8c","volume":"15","author":"VJ Lawhern","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lawhern, V. J. et al. EEGNet: a compact convolutional neural network for EEG-based brain\u2013computer interfaces. J. Neural Eng. 15, 056013 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"611_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23730","volume":"38","author":"RT Schirrmeister","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schirrmeister, R. T. et al. Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 5391\u20135420 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"611_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299284","volume":"19","author":"N Moradi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moradi, N., Goodyear, B. G. & Sotero, R. C. Deep EEG source localization via EMD-based fMRI high spatial frequency. PLOS ONE 19, e0299284 (2024).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"611_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel, C. M. & Brunet, D. EEG source imaging: a practical review of the analysis steps. Front. Neurol. 10, (2019).","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00325"},{"key":"611_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sazgar, M. & Young, M. G. Overview of EEG, Electrode Placement, and Montages. in Absolute Epilepsy and EEG Rotation Review: Essentials for Trainees (eds. Sazgar, M. & Young, M. G) 117\u2013125 (Springer International Publishing, 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-03511-2_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03511-2_5"},{"key":"611_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-015-0056-1","volume":"35","author":"SMT M\u00fcller","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S. M. T., Bastos-Filho, T. F. & Sarcinelli-Filho, M. Monopolar and bipolar electrode settings for SSVEP-based brain-computer interface. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 35, 482\u2013491 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"611_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113521","volume":"24","author":"Q Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. High-density electroencephalogram facilitates the detection of small stimuli in code-modulated visual evoked potential brain\u2013computer interfaces. Sensors 24, 3521 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"611_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01116-1","volume":"9","author":"D Pascucci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pascucci, D. et al. Source imaging of high-density visual evoked potentials with multi-scale brain parcellations and connectomes. Sci. Data 9, 9 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"611_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.029","volume":"24","author":"F Di Russo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Di Russo, F. et al. Identification of the neural sources of the pattern-reversal VEP. NeuroImage 24, 874\u2013886 (2005).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E. & Schoffelen, J.-M. FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, 156869 (2011).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. et al. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7, (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267"},{"key":"611_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8091031","volume":"8","author":"F La Foresta","year":"2019","unstructured":"La Foresta, F., Morabito, F. C., Marino, S. & Dattola, S. High-density EEG signal processing based on active-source reconstruction for brain network analysis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Electronics 8, 1031 (2019).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"611_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.067","volume":"51","author":"L Koessler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koessler, L. et al. Source localization of ictal epileptic activity investigated by high resolution EEG and validated by SEEG. NeuroImage 51, 642\u2013653 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17361","volume":"63","author":"J Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, J., Ebersole, J. S. & Brinkmann, B. H. From theory to practical fundamentals of electroencephalographic source imaging in localizing the epileptogenic zone. Epilepsia 63, 2476\u20132490 (2022).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"611_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.08.001","volume":"131","author":"P van Mierlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Mierlo, P., Vorderw\u00fclbecke, B. J., Staljanssens, W., Seeck, M. & Vulli\u00e9moz, S. Ictal EEG source localization in focal epilepsy: review and future perspectives. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131, 2600\u20132616 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiner, L. et al. Brain-computer-interface-driven artistic expression: real-time cognitive visualization in the pangolin scales animatronic dress and screen dress. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19, (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1516776"},{"key":"611_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H. S. et al. Individual finger movement decoding using a novel ultra-high-density electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface system. Front. Neurosci. 16, (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1009878"},{"key":"611_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schreiner, L., Sieghartsleitner, S., Mayr, K., Pretl, H. & Guger, C. Hand gesture decoding using ultra-high-density EEG. in 2023 11th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) 01\u201304 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123901 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123901"},{"key":"611_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schreiner, L. et al. Mapping Neuromuscular Representation Of Grasping Movements Using Ultra-High-Density Eeg And Emg. in (Verlag der Technischen Universit\u00e4t Graz, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3217\/978-3-99161-014-4-053.","DOI":"10.3217\/978-3-99161-014-4-053"},{"key":"611_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57167-y","volume":"14","author":"L Schreiner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schreiner, L. et al. Mapping of the central sulcus using non-invasive ultra-high-density brain recordings. Sci. Rep. 14, 6527 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"611_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sato, M. et al. Scaling law in neural data: non-invasive speech decoding with 175 hours of EEG data. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2407.07595 (2024).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2407.07595"},{"key":"611_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schreiner, L., Sieghartsleitner, S., Cao, F., Pretl, H. & Guger, C. Neural source reconstruction using a novel ultra-high-density EEG system and vibrotactile stimulation of individual fingers. in 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) 1\u20135 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10782167.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10782167"},{"key":"611_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00527-7","volume":"112","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R. & Praamstra, P. The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 713\u2013719 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.01.002","volume":"18","author":"J-R King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King, J.-R. & Dehaene, S. Characterizing the dynamics of mental representations: the temporal generalization method. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 203\u2013210 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"611_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.004","volume":"97","author":"B Burle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burle, B. et al. Spatial and temporal resolutions of EEG: Is it really black and white? A scalp current density view. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 97, 210\u2013220 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000127827.73576.d8","volume":"15","author":"RJ Itier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Itier, R. J. & Taylor, M. J. Source analysis of the N170 to faces and objects. NeuroReport 15, 1261\u20131265 (2004).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"611_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.07.005","volume":"116","author":"C Joyce","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joyce, C. & Rossion, B. The face-sensitive N170 and VPP components manifest the same brain processes: The effect of reference electrode site. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2613\u20132631 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200007140-00050","volume":"11","author":"M Eimer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eimer, M. The face-specific N170 component reflects late stages in the structural encoding of faces. NeuroReport 11, 2319\u20132324 (2000).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"611_CR48","first-page":"142","volume":"115","author":"B Rossion","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rossion, B. & Jacques, C. The N170: Understanding the time course of face perception in the human brain. Oxf. Handb. ERP Compon. 115, 142 (2011).","journal-title":"Oxf. Handb. ERP Compon."},{"key":"611_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997","volume":"17","author":"N Kanwisher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J. & Chun, M. M. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17, 4302 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(98)00049-5","volume":"110","author":"E Nalcaci","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nalcaci, E., Basar-Eroglu, C. & Stadler, M. Visual evoked potential interhemispheric transfer time in different frequency bands. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 71\u201381 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"611_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000036790.67234.22","volume":"108","author":"JV Odom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Odom, J. V. et al. Visual evoked potentials standard (2004). Doc. Ophthalmol. 108, 115\u2013123 (2004).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"611_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050987","volume":"19","author":"X Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Bian, G.-B. & Tian, Z. Removal of artifacts from EEG signals: a review. Sensors 19, 987 (2019).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"611_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousselet, G. A. Does Filtering Preclude Us from Studying ERP Time-Courses? Front. Psychol. 3, (2012).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00131"},{"key":"611_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii16","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.068130","volume":"76","author":"P Walsh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walsh, P. The clinical role of evoked potentials. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, ii16\u2013ii22 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"611_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.011","volume":"17","author":"DJ Kravitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kravitz, D. J., Saleem, K. S., Baker, C. I., Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. The ventral visual pathway: An expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 26 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"611_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13501","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2269-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"V Youssofzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Youssofzadeh, V. et al. Signal propagation in the human visual pathways: an effective connectivity analysis. J. Neurosci. 35, 13501\u201313510 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR57","first-page":"2145","volume":"42","author":"AI Klistorner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klistorner, A. I. & Graham, S. L. Electroencephalogram-based scaling of multifocal visual evoked potentials: effect on intersubject amplitude variability. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, 2145\u20132152 (2001).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"611_CR58","unstructured":"Electric Fields of the Brain: The Neurophysics of EEG | Oxford Academic. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/2998."},{"key":"611_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196680","volume":"72","author":"GF Woodman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woodman, G. F. A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials in studies of perception and attention. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 72, 2031\u20132046 (2010).","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"611_CR60","unstructured":"An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. MIT Press https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262525855\/an-introduction-to-the-event-related-potential-technique\/."},{"key":"611_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.046","volume":"188","author":"T Grootswagers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grootswagers, T., Robinson, A. K. & Carlson, T. A. The representational dynamics of visual objects in rapid serial visual processing streams. NeuroImage 188, 668\u2013679 (2019).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01845","volume":"34","author":"G Gurariy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gurariy, G., Mruczek, R. E. B., Snow, J. C. & Caplovitz, G. P. Using high-density electroencephalography to explore spatiotemporal representations of object categories in visual cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 34, 967\u2013987 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3747","volume":"15","author":"K Grill-Spector","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grill-Spector, K. & Weiner, K. S. The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 536\u2013548 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.004","volume":"31","author":"NM Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long, N. M. & Kuhl, B. A. Cortical representations of visual stimuli shift locations with changes in memory states. Curr. Biol. 31, 1119\u20131126.e5 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"611_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheth, B. R. & Young, R. Two visual pathways in primates based on sampling of space: exploitation and exploration of visual information. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 10, (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2016.00037"},{"key":"611_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa9f6","volume":"15","author":"C Kapeller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kapeller, C. et al. Real-time detection and discrimination of visual perception using electrocorticographic signals. J. Neural Eng. 15, 036001 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"611_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1889-18.2018","volume":"39","author":"AB Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin, A. B. et al. Temporal dynamics and response modulation across the human visual system in a spatial attention task: an ECoG study. J. Neurosci. 39, 333\u2013352 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"611_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.012","volume":"56","author":"BA Wandell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wandell, B. A., Dumoulin, S. O. & Brewer, A. A. Visual field maps in human cortex. Neuron 56, 366\u2013383 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"611_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20345","volume":"28","author":"JL Lancaster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lancaster, J. L. et al. Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM-152 brain template. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 1194\u20131205 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"611_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21473","volume":"34","author":"L Ding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ding, L. & Yuan, H. Simultaneous EEG and MEG source reconstruction in sparse electromagnetic source imaging. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 775\u2013795 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"611_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39700-7","volume":"13","author":"V Janiukstyte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janiukstyte, V. et al. Normative brain mapping using scalp EEG and potential clinical application. Sci. Rep. 13, 13442 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"611_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale, A. M., Fischl, B. & Sereno, M. I. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage 9, 179\u2013194 (1999).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9195-4","volume":"120","author":"JV Odom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Odom, J. V. et al. ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2009 update). Doc. Ophthalmol. 120, 111\u2013119 (2010).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"611_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum, A.-K. Neurophysiologie in Der Praxis: Ein Handbuch F\u00fcr Medizinisch-Technische Assistenten\/-Innen F\u00fcr Funktionsdiagnostik\/Medizinische\/-r Technologe\/-in F\u00fcr Funktionsdiagnostik. (Kohlhammer Verlag, 2023).","DOI":"10.17433\/978-3-17-042846-1"},{"key":"611_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026244901657","volume":"107","author":"J Robson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robson, J. Guidelines for calibration of stimulus and recording parameters used in clinical electrophysiology of vision. Doc. Ophthalmol. 107, 185\u2013193 (2003).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"611_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-014-9252-3","volume":"13","author":"J Kubanek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kubanek, J. & Schalk, G. NeuralAct: A Tool to Visualize Electrocortical (ECoG) Activity on a Three-Dimensional Model of the Cortex. Neuroinformatics 13, 167\u2013174 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"611_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wang, Z., Qiu, J. & Wang, X. Assigning channel weights using an attention mechanism: an EEG interpolation algorithm. Front. Neurosci. 17, (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1251677"},{"key":"611_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishne, G., Gerber, E. M., Knight, R. T. & Deouell, L. Y. Distinct ventral stream and prefrontal cortex representational dynamics during sustained conscious visual perception. Cell Rep. 42, (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112752"},{"key":"611_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"B Fischl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischl, B. FreeSurfer. NeuroImage 62, 774\u2013781 (2012).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"611_CR80","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui, R. D. Standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002)."},{"key":"611_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2918-19.2020","volume":"41","author":"S Khuvis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khuvis, S. et al. Face-selective units in human ventral temporal cortex reactivate during free recall. J. Neurosci. 41, 3386\u20133399 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Communications Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00611-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00611-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00611-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T13:03:38Z","timestamp":1775048618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00611-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44172-026-00611-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"L.S., S.S., C.K., M.J. are employed at g.tec medical engineering GmbH. C.G. is the CEO of g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}