{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:25:15Z","timestamp":1794360315387,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":113,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2525010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2525010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2293751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2293751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Super-resolution microscopy has become an indispensable core research tool in biology, materials science and medicine, yet existing technologies face an inherent bottleneck where resolution, large field of view (FOV), label-free compatibility and system cost cannot be simultaneously optimized. A miniaturized full-frequency encoded illumination (mini-FEI) chip is presented for high-throughput super-resolution imaging using the spatial frequency shift (SFS) effect. We propose a tunable continuous SFS method for across far-field and near-field illumination modulation, which is achieved through propagating and evanescent waves. The multi-illumination modes are precisely and flexibly modulated by an encoded LED array. The light travels to the sample via a set of prisms, producing super-resolution images with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Mini-FEI super-resolution imaging reaches a resolution of 333\u2009nm (\u2009~\u2009\u03bb\/4NA), while maintaining a large FOV of ~1 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The method is validated on label-free samples including USAF Target, Star Target, onion root tip cells, and live COS7 cells, all of which could be successfully reconstructed. Through the introduction of integrated LED arrays for evanescent wave excitation, expensive laser systems can be avoided and the system significantly miniaturized. The mini-FEI super-resolution imaging chip is simple and cost-effective to fabricate, is compatible with commercial microscopes, and thus holds great potential for widespread deployment in scientific and industrial research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-026-00722-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:05:25Z","timestamp":1784628325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-throughput super-resolution imaging chip based on miniaturized full-frequency encoded-illumination"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feihong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2091-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingwei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawfique","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens F.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3982-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02956173","volume":"9","author":"E Abbe","year":"1873","unstructured":"Abbe, E. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 9, 413\u2013418 (1873).","journal-title":"Arch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth929","volume":"3","author":"MJ Rust","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rust, M. J., Bates, M. & Zhuang, X. Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 3, 793\u2013795 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1605","volume":"8","author":"SA Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones, S. A., Shim, S.-H., He, J. & Zhuang, X. Fast, three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of live cells. Nat. Methods 8, 499\u2013U96 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146598","volume":"317","author":"M Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates, M., Huang, B., Dempsey, G. T. & Zhuang, X. Multicolor super-resolution imaging with photo-switchable fluorescent probes. Science 317, 1749\u20131753 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"722_CR5","first-page":"231","volume":"20","author":"MJ Rust","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rust, M. J., Bates, M. & Zhuang, X. Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 20, 231\u2013239 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq6912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9843","volume":"379","author":"B Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, B., Wang, W., Bates, M. & Zhuang, X. Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) using astigmatic optics. Science 379, eabq6912 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"722_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0544-2","volume":"16","author":"L Gu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu, L. et al. Molecular resolution imaging by repetitive optical selective exposure. Nat. Methods 16, 1114\u20131118 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR8","first-page":"1456","volume":"41","author":"F Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, F., Sirinakis, G. & Bewersdorf, J. Quantitative analysis of molecular organization in cells using SMLM and machine learning. Nat. Biotechnol. 41, 1456\u20131468 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"722_CR9","first-page":"1124","volume":"20","author":"E Betzig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Betzig, E. et al. High-speed 3D single-molecule tracking in living cells using interferometric SMLM. Nat. Methods 20, 1124\u20131132 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.19.000780","volume":"19","author":"SW Hell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hell, S. W. & Wichmann, J. Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: Stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19, 780\u2013782 (1994).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4593","volume":"15","author":"G Vicidomini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vicidomini, G., Bianchini, P. & Diaspro, A. STED super-resolved microscopy. Nat. Methods 15, 173\u2013182 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L01","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.05.029","volume":"105","author":"F G\u00f6ttfert","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00f6ttfert, F. et al. Coaligned dual-channel STED nanoscopy and molecular diffusion analysis at 20 nm resolution. Biophys. J. 105, L01\u2013L03 (2013).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"722_CR13","first-page":"321","volume":"20","author":"SW Hell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hell, S. W. & Wichmann, J. Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Nat. Methods 20, 321\u2013334 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"722_CR14","volume":"9","author":"G Vicidomini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vicidomini, G., Bianchini, P. & Diaspro, A. STED super-resolution microscopy: Advances and biomedical applications. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf3702 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2000.00710.x","volume":"198","author":"MGL Gustafsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gustafsson, M. G. L. Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy. J. Microsc. 198, 82\u201387 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35307-0","volume":"13","author":"EN Ward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ward, E. N. et al. Machine learning assisted interferometric structured illumination microscopy for dynamic biological imaging. Nat. Commun. 13, 7836 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.83","volume":"6","author":"E Mudry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mudry, E. et al. Structured illumination microscopy using unknown speckle patterns. Nat. Photonics 6, 312\u2013315 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3500","volume":"349","author":"D Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Extended-resolution structured illumination imaging of endocytic and cytoskeletal dynamics. Science 349, aab3500 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15784-x","volume":"11","author":"L Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin, L. et al. Deep learning enables structured illumination microscopy with low light levels and enhanced speed. Nat. Commun. 11, 1934 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4773572","volume":"102","author":"X Hao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao, X. et al. Far-field super-resolution imaging using near-field illumination by micro-fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 013104 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"076104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.076101","volume":"118","author":"XW Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X. W. et al. Fluorescent nanowire ring illumination for wide-field far-field subdiffraction imaging. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 076104 (2017).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi1267","volume":"381","author":"F Guan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guan, F. et al. Overcoming losses in superlenses with synthetic waves of complex frequency. Science 381, 766\u2013771 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60460-7","volume":"16","author":"X You","year":"2025","unstructured":"You, X. et al. Large field-of-view plasmonic scattering imaging and sensing of nanoparticles with isotropic point-spread-function. Nat. Commun. 16, 5104 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.28.001424","volume":"28","author":"CJ Schwarz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schwarz, C. J., Kuznetsova, Y. & Brueck, S. R. J. Imaging interferometric microscopy. Opt. Lett. 28, 1424\u20131426 (2003).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.187","volume":"7","author":"G Zheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng, G., Horstmeyer, R. & Yang, C. Wide-field, high-resolution Fourier ptychographic microscopy. Nat. Photonics 7, 739\u2013745 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.2.000904","volume":"2","author":"L Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian, L. et al. Computational illumination for high-speed in vitro Fourier ptychographic microscopy. Optica 2, 904\u2013911 (2015).","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4960","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.004960","volume":"22","author":"X Ou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ou, X., Zheng, G. & Yang, C. Embedded pupil function recovery for Fourier ptychographic microscopy. Opt. Express 22, 4960\u20134972 (2014).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000827","volume":"3","author":"R Horstmeyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horstmeyer, R. et al. Diffraction tomography with Fourier ptychography. Optica 3, 827\u2013835 (2016).","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aba6f0","volume":"83","author":"A Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan, A., Zuo, C. & Yao, B. High-resolution and large field-of-view Fourier ptychographic microscopy and its applications in biomedicine. Rep. Prog. Phys. 83, 096101 (2020).","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.525289","volume":"49","author":"J Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Fourier ptychographic microscopy with adaptive resolution strategy. Opt. Lett. 49, 3548\u20133551 (2024).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200201","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200201","volume":"17","author":"Y Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan, Y. et al. Efficient synthetic aperture for phaseless Fourier ptychographic microscopy with hybrid coherent and incoherent illumination. Laser Photonics Rev. 17, 2200201 (2023).","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074-022-00071-3","volume":"3","author":"Y Shu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shu, Y. et al. Adaptive optical quantitative phase imaging based on annular illumination Fourier ptychographic microscopy. PhotoniX 3, 24 (2022).","journal-title":"PhotoniX"},{"key":"722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900126","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201900126","volume":"29","author":"C Pang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pang, C. et al. On-chip super-resolution imaging with fluorescent polymer films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1900126 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103835","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103835","volume":"9","author":"M Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, M. et al. High-refractive-index chip with periodically fine-tuning gratings for tunable virtual-wavevector spatial frequency shift universal super-resolution imaging. Adv. Sci. 9, 2103835 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Communications Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00722-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00722-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00722-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:21:06Z","timestamp":1794356466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-026-00722-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44172-026-00722-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"192"}}