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Renal hypoxia is central to kidney diseases, where progressive loss of renal function ultimately can no longer sustain life. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assess renal oxygenation non-invasively in vivo via the relaxation times T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , which reflect deoxygenated hemoglobin, but are influenced by several physiological confounders. We developed MRI-PHYSIOL-NIRS, a platform integrating MRI with ground-truth probes that directly measure tissue oxygenation in rat kidneys (PHYSIOL), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate oxygenation-related parameters to dissect the relationship between MRI-based measures and true tissue oxygenation. Using aortic occlusion and hyperoxia interventions within the MRI scanner, we investigated correlations between non-invasive MRI-based oxygenation measures and true tissue oxygenation. These results demonstrate the potential for entirely MRI-based measurement of renal oxygenation in health and disease, with ultimate application in patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-026-00799-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:46:21Z","timestamp":1792161981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MRI-PHYSIOL-NIRS: an integrated platform to study kidney oxygenation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gladytz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3907-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Cantow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Millward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9916-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Waiczies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Tasbihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4354-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Grosenick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdmann","family":"Seeliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thoralf","family":"Niendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321006","volume":"332","author":"M Brezis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brezis, M. & Rosen, S. 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