{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:56:21Z","timestamp":1791564981879,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F33029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F33029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F33029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F33029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["218621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Water"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Groundwater, enhanced through managed aquifer recharge (MAR), plays a central role in mitigating current and future water stress. Here we evaluate anthropogenic and natural water isotopes as tracers of groundwater flow dynamics within alluvial MAR systems. High-resolution sampling (daily\/weekly) of stable isotopes (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H) and tritium (\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H), influenced by nuclear power plant effluents, is used to trace and quantify the movement of infiltrated river water through an alluvial aquifer along the Rhine River in Switzerland. Time-series deconvolution is applied to quantify the tracer-based travel time distribution and to predict travel times throughout the entire MAR scheme. The results demonstrate the suitability of\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H as a quasi-conservative travel time tracer in systems where the infiltrating river water is marked by nuclear power plant discharges\u2014a situation prevalent along the banks of many large river basins globally. Deuterium excess proved equally effective as a bulk travel time tracer, reflecting distinct seasonal meltwater signals expected in major European rivers. These findings quantify MAR recovery rates and wellhead protection zones, supporting sustainable groundwater management under natural and anthropogenic pressures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-026-00616-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:02:31Z","timestamp":1774260151000},"page":"444-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anthropogenic tritium as a continental-scale tracer in river-derived recharge"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"van Rooyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Vennemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Purtschert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Affolter Kast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias S.","family":"Brennwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Kipfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3840-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver S.","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0123-1","volume":"557","author":"M Rodell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodell, M. et al. Emerging trends in global freshwater availability. Nature 557, 651\u2013659 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"616_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2011.00825.x","volume":"50","author":"T Gleeson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gleeson, T. et al. Towards sustainable groundwater use: setting long-term goals, backcasting, and managing adaptively. Ground Water 50, 19\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"616_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017053","volume":"51","author":"D McLaughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLaughlin, D. & Kinzelbach, W. Food security and sustainable resource management. Water Resour. Res. 51, 4966\u20134985 (2015).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"616_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A. et al. in Global Groundwater (eds Mukherjee, A. et al.) 3\u201320 (Elsevier, 2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-818172-0.00001-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818172-0.00001-3"},{"key":"616_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, R. A., Shrestha, S. & Pandey, V. P. Groundwater vulnerability to climate change: a review of the assessment methodology. Sci. Total Environ. 612, 853\u2013875 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.237"},{"key":"616_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/3\/035006","volume":"4","author":"P Doll","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doll, P. Vulnerability to the impact of climate change on renewable groundwater resources: a global-scale assessment. Environ. Res. Lett. 4, 035006 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"616_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.030","volume":"160","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, F., Zhu, J., Deng, X., Zhao, Y. & Li, S. Assessment and uncertainty analysis of groundwater risk. Environ. Res. 160, 140\u2013151 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"616_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.12.034","volume":"163","author":"DJ Lapworth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lapworth, D. J., Baran, N., Stuart, M. E. & Ward, R. S. Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and occurrence. Environ. Pollut. 163, 287\u2013303 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"616_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01306-w","volume":"7","author":"H Niazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niazi, H. et al. Global peak water limit of future groundwater withdrawals. Nat. Sustain. 7, 413\u2013422 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"616_CR10","unstructured":"The UN Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015)."},{"key":"616_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1144\/SP288.1","volume":"288","author":"W Dragoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dragoni, W. & Sukhija, B. S. Climate change and groundwater: a short review. Geol. Soc. 288, 1\u201312 (2008).","journal-title":"Geol. Soc."},{"key":"616_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-018-9797-9","volume":"24","author":"E Guermazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guermazi, E., Milano, M., Reynard, E. & Zairi, M. Impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on the groundwater resources in arid environment. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 24, 73\u201392 (2019).","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change"},{"key":"616_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614941114","volume":"114","author":"A Hartmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartmann, A., Gleeson, T., Wada, Y. & Wagener, T. Enhanced groundwater recharge rates and altered recharge sensitivity to climate variability through subsurface heterogeneity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 2842\u20132847 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"616_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treidel, H., Martin-Bordes, J. L. & Gurdak, J. J. Climate Change Effects on Groundwater Resources: A Global Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations (CRC Press, 2011).","DOI":"10.1201\/b11611"},{"key":"616_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00277-8","volume":"2","author":"M van Tiel","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Tiel, M. et al. Cryosphere\u2013groundwater connectivity is a missing link in the mountain water cycle. Nat. Water 2, 624\u2013637 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"616_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epting, J., Love R\u00e5man, V., Affolter, A., Scheidler, S. & Schilling, O. S. Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures for alluvial aquifers\u2014solution approaches based on the thermal exploitation of managed aquifer (MAR) and surface water recharge (MSWR). Water Res. 238, 119988 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119988"},{"key":"616_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-017-1554-8","volume":"25","author":"C Sprenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sprenger, C. et al. Inventaire des sites de gestion des aquif\u00e8res par recharge en Europe: d\u00e9veloppement historique, situation actuelle et perspectives. Hydrogeol. J. 25, 1909\u20131922 (2017).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"616_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.3390\/w14203257","volume":"14","author":"A Ross","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ross, A. Benefits and costs of managed aquifer recharge: further evidence. Water 14, 3257 (2022).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"616_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sufyan, M., Martelli, G., Teatini, P., Cherubini, C. & Goi, D. Managed aquifer recharge for sustainable groundwater management: new developments, challenges, and future prospects. Water https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w16223216 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/w16223216"},{"key":"616_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilling, O. S. et al. Buried paleo-channel detection with a groundwater model, tracer-based observations, and spatially varying, preferred anisotropy pilot point calibration. Geophys. Res. Lett. 49, e2022GL098944 (2022).","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL098944"},{"key":"616_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10465","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020754","volume":"53","author":"OS Schilling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schilling, O. S. et al. Advancing physically-based flow simulations of alluvial systems through atmospheric noble gases and the novel 37Ar tracer method. Water Resour. Res. 53, 10465\u201310490 (2017).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"616_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akbar, H., Nilsalab, P., Silalertruksa, T. & Gheewala, S. H. Comprehensive review of groundwater scarcity, stress and sustainability index-based assessment. Groundw. Sustain. Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gsd.2022.100782 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2022.100782"},{"key":"616_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cuthbert, M. O., Gleeson, T., Bierkens, M. F. P., Ferguson, G. & Taylor, R. G. Defining renewable groundwater use and its relevance to sustainable groundwater management. Water Resour. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022WR032831 (2023).","DOI":"10.1029\/2022WR032831"},{"key":"616_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, B. W. et al. Using multi-tracer inference to move beyond single-catchment ecohydrology. Earth Sci. Rev. 160, 19\u201342 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.06.014"},{"key":"616_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.10.053","volume":"555","author":"I Cartwright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cartwright, I., Cend\u00f3n, D., Currell, M. & Meredith, K. A review of radioactive isotopes and other residence time tracers in understanding groundwater recharge: possibilities, challenges, and limitations. J. Hydrol. 555, 797\u2013811 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-022-00001-4","volume":"1","author":"OS Schilling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schilling, O. S. et al. Revisiting Mt Fuji\u2019s groundwater origins with helium, vanadium and environmental DNA tracers. Nat. Water 1, 60\u201373 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"616_CR27","first-page":"022002","volume":"2","author":"S Dee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dee, S. et al. Water isotopes, climate variability, and the hydrological cycle: recent advances and new frontiers. Environ. Res. 2, 022002 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"616_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, P., Wu, J. & Elumalai, V. Recent advances in modern hydrogeology: promoting harmony between nature and humanity. Water https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w16111501 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/w16111501"},{"key":"616_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meles, M. B. et al. Uncovering the gaps in managed aquifer recharge for sustainable groundwater management: a focus on hillslopes and mountains. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.131615 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.131615"},{"key":"616_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.10.056","volume":"519","author":"C Turnadge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turnadge, C. & Smerdon, B. D. A review of methods for modelling environmental tracers in groundwater: advantages of tracer concentration simulation. J. Hydrol. 519, 3674\u20133689 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carri\u00f3n-Mero, P. et al. Research trends in groundwater and stable isotopes. Water https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14193173 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/w14193173"},{"key":"616_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000512","volume":"54","author":"J Galewsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galewsky, J. et al. Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor and applications to the hydrologic cycle. Rev. Geophys. 54, 809\u2013865 (2016).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"616_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharp, Z. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry 2nd edn (Univ. New Mexico, 2017); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25844\/h9q1-0p82","DOI":"10.25844\/h9q1-0p82"},{"key":"616_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boansi Okofo, L., Adonadaga, M. G. & Martienssen, M. Groundwater age dating using multi-environmental tracers (SF6, CFC-11, CFC-12, \u03b418O, and \u03b4D) to investigate groundwater residence times and recharge processes in Northeastern Ghana. J. Hydrol. 610, 127821 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127821"},{"key":"616_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleeson, T., Befus, K. M., Jasechko, S., Luijendijk, E. & Cardenas, M. B. The global volume and distribution of modern groundwater. Nat. Geosci. 9, 161\u2013167 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2590"},{"key":"616_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2943","volume":"10","author":"S Jasechko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jasechko, S. et al. Global aquifers dominated by fossil groundwaters but wells vulnerable to modern contamination. Nat. Geosci. 10, 425\u2013429 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"616_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsey, B. D., Jurgens, B. C. & Belitz, K. Tritium as an Indicator of Modern, Mixed, and Premodern Groundwater Age Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5090 (USGS, 2019); http:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/sir20195090","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20195090"},{"key":"616_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028985","volume":"57","author":"JD van Rooyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Rooyen, J. D., Watson, A. P., Palcsu, L. & Miller, J. A. Constraining the spatial distribution of tritium in groundwater across South Africa. Water Resour. Res. 57, e2020WR028985 (2021).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"616_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilling, O. S., Cook, P. G. & Brunner, P. Beyond classical observations in hydrogeology: the advantages of including exchange flux, temperature, tracer concentration, residence time, and soil moisture observations in groundwater model calibration. Rev. Geophys. 57, 146\u2013182 (2019).","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000619"},{"key":"616_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiros, N. E., Gardner, W. P. & Kuhlman, K. L. Utilizing environmental tracers to reduce groundwater flow and transport model parameter uncertainties. Water Resour. Res. 57, e2020WR028235 (2021).","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028235"},{"key":"616_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126650","volume":"601","author":"AP Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watson, A. P., Kralisch, S., Van Rooyen, J. D. & Miller, J. Quantifying and understanding the source of recharge for alluvial systems in arid environments through the development of a seepage model. J. Hydrol. 601, 126650 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.09.037","volume":"475","author":"I Cartwright","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cartwright, I. & Morgenstern, U. Constraining groundwater recharge and the rate of geochemical processes using tritium and major ion geochemistry: Ovens catchment, southeast Australia. J. Hydrol. 475, 137\u2013149 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rooyen, J. D., Watson, A. W. & Miller, J. A. Using tritium and radiocarbon activities to constrain regional modern and fossil groundwater mixing in Southern Africa. J. Hydrol. 614, 128570 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128570"},{"key":"616_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020WR028479","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028479","volume":"57","author":"OS Schilling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schilling, O. S. et al. Quantifying groundwater recharge dynamics and unsaturated zone processes in snow-dominated catchments via on-site dissolved gas analysis. Water Resour. Res. 57, e2020WR028479 (2021).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"616_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2006.00293.x","volume":"45","author":"OA Cirpka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cirpka, O. A. et al. Analyzing bank filtration by deconvoluting time series of electric conductivity. Ground Water 45, 318\u2013328 (2007).","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"616_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2010.02.007","volume":"33","author":"T Vogt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vogt, T. et al. Fluctuations of electrical conductivity as a natural tracer for bank filtration in a losing stream. Adv. Water Resour. 33, 1296\u20131308 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"616_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/10256016.2017.1334651","volume":"53","author":"C Moeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeck, C. et al. Estimating the spatial distribution of artificial groundwater recharge using multiple tracers. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 53, 484\u2013499 (2017).","journal-title":"Isotopes Environ. Health Stud."},{"key":"616_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popp, A. L. et al. A framework for untangling transient groundwater mixing and travel times. Water Resour. Res. 57, e2020WR028362 (2021).","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028362"},{"key":"616_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044571","volume":"37","author":"Y Wada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wada, Y. et al. Global depletion of groundwater resources. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, 1\u20135 (2010).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"616_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-023-02600-1","volume":"31","author":"A Desens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desens, A., Houben, G., S\u00fcltenfu\u00df, J., Post, V. & Massmann, G. Distribution of tritium-helium groundwater ages in a large Cenozoic sedimentary basin (North German Plain). Hydrogeol. J. 31, 621\u2013640 (2023).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"616_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15118","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.15118","volume":"8","author":"M Engel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Engel, M. et al. Localizing and quantifying groundwater-surface water interactions at different scales: a tracer approach at the River Moselle, Germany. Hydrol. Process. 8, e15118 (2024).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"616_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-010-0663-4","volume":"19","author":"J S\u00fcltenfu\u00df","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00fcltenfu\u00df, J., Purtschert, R. & F\u00fchrb\u00f6ter, J. F. Age structure and recharge conditions of a coastal aquifer (northern Germany) investigated with 39Ar, 14C, 3H, He isotopes and Ne. Hydrogeol. J. 19, 221\u2013236 (2011).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"616_CR53","first-page":"1073","volume":"2010","author":"U Schotterer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schotterer, U., Sch\u00fcrch, M., Rickli, R. & Stichler, W. Wasserisotope in der Schweiz: neue Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen aus dem nationalen Messnetz ISOT. GWA 2010, 1073\u20131081 (2010).","journal-title":"GWA"},{"key":"616_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00767-018-0403-6","volume":"23","author":"C Moeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moeck, C. et al. Spatial distribution of anthropogenic inputs into groundwater: a case study. Grundwasser 23, 297\u2013309 (2018).","journal-title":"Grundwasser"},{"key":"616_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coplen, T. B., Herczeg, A. L. & Barnes, C. in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology (eds Cook, P. G. & Herczeg, A. L.) 79\u2013110 (Springer, 2000).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4557-6_3"},{"key":"616_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-10-771-2014","volume":"10","author":"S Pfahl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pfahl, S. & Sodemann, H. What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation?. Clim. Past 10, 771\u2013781 (2014).","journal-title":"Clim. Past"},{"key":"616_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126604","volume":"602","author":"Z Mohammadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammadi, Z., Behrouj Peely, A. & Raeisi, E. Breakthrough curves of dye tracing tests in karst aquifers: review of effective parameters based on synthetic modeling and field data. J. Hydrol. 602, 126604 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124998","volume":"588","author":"ISPC Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott, I. S. P. C., Huang, C. H. & Bowling, L. C. The use of electrical conductivity to develop temporally precise breakthrough curves in tracer injection experiments. J. Hydrol. 588, 124998 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"616_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, T. C. J. & Zhu, J. Hydraulic\/partitioning tracer tomography for characterization of dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zones. Water Resour. Res. 43, W06435 (2007).","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR004877"},{"key":"616_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.211","volume":"609","author":"C Moeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeck, C. et al. Characterization of a managed aquifer recharge system using multiple tracers. Sci. Total Environ. 609, 701\u2013714 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"616_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-257-2016","volume":"20","author":"C Duvert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duvert, C., Stewart, M. K., Cend\u00f3n, D. I. & Raiber, M. Time series of tritium, stable isotopes and chloride reveal short-term variations in groundwater contribution to a stream. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 257\u2013277 (2016).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"616_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, P. D. et al. Groundwater dominates snowmelt runoff and controls streamflow efficiency in the western United States. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 341 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02303-3"},{"key":"616_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, M. K., Morgenstern, U. & Cartwright, I. Comment on \u2018A comparison of catchment travel times and storage deduced from deuterium and tritium tracers using StorAge Selection functions\u2019 by Rodriguez et al. (2021). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 25, 6333\u20136338 (2021).","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-6333-2021"},{"key":"616_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, N. B., Pfister, L., Zehe, E. & Klaus, J. A comparison of catchment travel times and storage deduced from deuterium and tritium tracers using StorAge Selection functions. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 25, 401\u2013428 (2021).","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-401-2021"},{"key":"616_CR65","unstructured":"Waters Protection Ordinance (WPO), SR 814.201 (Swiss Confederation, 2025)."},{"key":"616_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reynard, E., H\u00e4uselmann, P., Jeannin, P.-Y. & Scapozza, C. in Landscapes and Landforms of Switzerland (ed. Reynard, E.) 71\u201380 (Springer, 2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43203-4_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43203-4_5"},{"key":"616_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-021-09471-3","volume":"80","author":"S Scheidler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheidler, S., Huggenberger, P., Dresmann, H., Auckenthaler, A. & Epting, J. Regional groundwater flow and karst evolution\u2014theoretical approach and example from Switzerland. Environ. Earth Sci. 80, 201 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"616_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-016-1367-1","volume":"24","author":"C Moeck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moeck, C., Brunner, P. & Hunkeler, D. L\u2019influence de la structure du mod\u00e8le sur le taux de recharge des eaux souterraines dans les \u00e9tudes d\u2019impact du changement climatique. Hydrogeol. J. 24, 1171\u20131184 (2016).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"616_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12900","volume":"58","author":"C Moeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moeck, C., Molson, J. & Schirmer, M. Pathline density distributions in a null-space Monte Carlo approach to assess groundwater pathways. Groundwater 58, 189\u2013207 (2020).","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"616_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/10256016.2018.1538137","volume":"55","author":"W Meier-Augenstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meier-Augenstein, W. & Schimmelmann, A. A guide for proper utilisation of stable isotope reference materials*. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 55, 113\u2013128 (2019).","journal-title":"Isotopes Environ. Health Stud."},{"key":"616_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-583X(86)90172-2","volume":"17","author":"HH Loosli","year":"1986","unstructured":"Loosli, H. H., M\u00f6ll, M., Oeschger, H. & Schotterer, U. Ten years low-level counting in the underground laboratoryin in Bern, Switzerland. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 17, 402\u2013405 (1986).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B"},{"key":"616_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-003-0631-y","volume":"8","author":"M Gr\u00f6ning","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ning, M. & Rozanski, K. Uncertainty assessment of environmental tritium measurements in water. Accredit. Qual. Assur. 8, 359\u2013366 (2003).","journal-title":"Accredit. Qual. Assur."},{"key":"616_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Affolter, S., Steinmann, P., Aemisegger, F., Purtschert, R. & Leuenberger, M. Origin and percolation times of Milandre Cave drip water determined by tritium time series and beryllium-7 data from Switzerland. J. Environ. Radioact. 222, 106346 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2020.106346"},{"key":"616_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11428","volume":"32","author":"E Nixdorf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nixdorf, E. & Trauth, N. Evaluating the reliability of time series analysis to estimate variable riparian travel times by numerical groundwater modelling. Hydrol. Process. 32, 408\u2013420 (2018).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"616_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-017-1640-y","volume":"26","author":"C Moeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moeck, C. et al. Am\u00e9lioration de la gestion des ressources en eau pour un environnement tr\u00e8s complexe en utilisant une mod\u00e9lisation tridimensionnelle des eaux souterraines. Hydrogeol. J. 26, 133\u2013146 (2018).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"616_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arias, P., Vergara, D. & Orosa, J. A. A global review of PWR nuclear power plants. Appl. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10134434 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134434"},{"key":"616_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-017-0212-6","volume":"4","author":"C Stefan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stefan, C. & Ansems, N. Web-based global inventory of managed aquifer recharge applications. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 4, 153\u2013162 (2018).","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"616_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-3419-2015","volume":"19","author":"J Halder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halder, J., Terzer, S., Wassenaar, L. I., Aragu\u00e1s-Aragu\u00e1s, L. J. & Aggarwal, P. K. The Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR): integration of water isotopes in watershed observation and riverine research. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 19, 3419\u20133431 (2015).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"616_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13691","volume":"34","author":"A Schmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt, A. et al. Overview of tritium records from precipitation and surface waters in Germany. Hydrol. Process. 34, 1489\u20131493 (2020).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."}],"container-title":["Nature Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44221-026-00616-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44221-026-00616-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44221-026-00616-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:26:42Z","timestamp":1791563202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44221-026-00616-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44221-026-00616-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article was originally published under the subscription model but it is now published under an Open Access license.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}