{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:10:01Z","timestamp":1793232601926,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001589","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-W-PHD-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-W-PHD-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NF\/2019\/15823226 strand 1a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF\/2019\/15823226 strand 1a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Antimicrob Resist"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Water quality testing does not recognise antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and is often limited to indicators of faecal contamination\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. In Europe, data on AMR in drinking water is scarce. In Ireland, as in many countries, household drinking water is supplied via mains or via private wells or water schemes. Using citizen science, we identified Irish private drinking water supplies as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB). Gram-negative (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009464) and Gram-positive (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200972) bacteria were isolated. We identified instances of potentially opportunistic ARB such as\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. We report reservoirs of multidrug resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. cloacae, E. coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia rubidaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We also identified linezolid-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Irish drinking water. Linezolid is a last-resort antibiotic used to treat vancomycin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. Additionally, we identified mobile AMR in three water samples, two of which were carried on IncF group, one on IncQ and five on Col-like plasmids. Our work suggests that private drinking water is a potential sink and source of AMR pathogens. This highlights a value of drinking water surveillance in a One Health framework as the surveillance would provide information regarding the movement and persistence of ARB and ARGs that are able to survive in drinking water and subsequently have the opportunity to be mobilised through humans; linking the environment to the human and potentially threatening human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00024-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T07:02:25Z","timestamp":1710745345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Private and well drinking water are reservoirs for antimicrobial resistant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Alawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cian","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Drissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zimmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Leupold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thuy","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinidad","family":"Velasco-Torrijos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"24_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum (WHO, 2017)."},{"key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2003.08.007","volume":"25","author":"A Unc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Unc, A. & Goss, M. J. Transport of bacteria from manure and protection of water resources. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25, 1\u201318 (2004).","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02522.x","volume":"98","author":"W Ahmed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ahmed, W., Neller, R. & Katouli, M. Evidence of septic system failure determined by a bacterial biochemical fingerprinting method. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98, 910\u2013920 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Ten Threats to Global Health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (2019)."},{"key":"24_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. One Health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/initiatives\/one-health (2023)."},{"key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00759-0","volume":"43","author":"Z Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. Impact factors of the accumulation, migration and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Environ. Geochem. Health 43, 1741\u20131758 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175221","volume":"57","author":"S Alpay-Karaoglu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alpay-Karaoglu, S. et al. Investigation of antibiotic resistance profile and TEM-type \u03b2-lactamase gene carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from drinking water. Ann. Microbiol. 57, 281\u2013288 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4190-1","volume":"97","author":"C Narciso-da-Rocha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Narciso-da-Rocha, C., Vaz-Moreira, I., Svensson-Stadler, L., Moore, E. R. B. & Manaia, C. M. Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in water from the source to the tap. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97, 329\u2013340 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"24_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18648","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.18648","volume":"8","author":"KAA Abdel Rahim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdel Rahim, K. A. A., Hassanein, A. M. & Abd El Azeiz, H. A. E. H. Prevalence, plasmids and antibiotic resistance correlation of enteric bacteria in different drinking water resources in sohag, Egypt. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 8, e18648 (2015).","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol"},{"key":"24_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7204013","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7204013","volume":"2018","author":"ST Odonkor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Odonkor, S. T. & Addo, K. K. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant escherichia coli isolated from drinking water sources. Int. J. Microbiol. 2018, 7204013 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571293","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2571293","volume":"2020","author":"NE Mahmoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmoud, N. E., Altayb, H. N. & Gurashi, R. M. Detection of carbapenem-resistant genes in escherichia coli isolated from drinking water in khartoum, Sudan. J. Environ. Public Health 2020, 2571293 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"24_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051224","volume":"11","author":"M Daly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daly, M., Powell, J., O\u2019Connell, N. H., Murphy, L. & Dunne, C. P. Antimicrobial resistance Is prevalent in e.coli and other enterobacterales isolated from public and private drinking water supplies in the Republic of Ireland. Microorganisms 11, 1224 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"24_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103907","volume":"53","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S., Ondon, B. S., Ho, S.-H., Zhou, Q. & Li, F. Drinking water sources as hotspots of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs): Occurrence, spread, and mitigation strategies. J. Water Process Eng. 53, 103907 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.02.002","volume":"53","author":"RS McInnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"McInnes, R. S., McCallum, G. E., Lamberte, L. E. & van Schaik, W. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiome. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 53, 35\u201343 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113818","volume":"259","author":"H Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan, H., Miao, X., Liu, M., Ahmad, S. & Bai, X. Behavior of last resort antibiotic resistance genes (mcr-1 and blaNDM-1) in a drinking water supply system and their possible acquisition by the mouse gut flora. Environ. Pollut. 259, 113818 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"24_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S209","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa497","volume":"223","author":"WE Anthony","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anthony, W. E., Burnham, C.-A. D., Dantas, G. & Kwon, J. H. The Gut microbiome as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 223, S209\u2013S213 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01676","volume":"10","author":"S Iacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iacob, S. & Iacob, D. G. Infectious threats, the intestinal barrier, and its trojan horse: dysbiosis. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1676 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.8.1788","volume":"38","author":"F Navarro","year":"1994","unstructured":"Navarro, F. & Courvalin, P. Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine-D-alanine ligase-related enzymes in Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1788\u20131793 (1994).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90438-1","volume":"147","author":"A Oka","year":"1981","unstructured":"Oka, A., Sugisaki, H. & Takanami, M. Nucleotide sequence of the kanamycin resistance transposon Tn9 03. J. Mol. Biol. 147, 217\u2013226 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"24_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120817","volume":"317","author":"L Andrade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrade, L., Chique, C., Hynds, P., Weatherill, J. & O\u2019Dwyer, J. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from private groundwater wells in the Republic of Ireland. Environ. Pollut. 317, 120817 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"24_CR21","unstructured":"The Council of the European Union. European Union Drinking Water Regulations. https:\/\/www.irishstatutebook.ie\/eli\/2023\/si\/99\/made\/en\/pdf (2014)."},{"key":"24_CR22","unstructured":"Water, N. & Management, Q. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017)."},{"key":"24_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003970","volume":"124","author":"M Rutter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rutter, M., Nichols, G. L., Swan, A. & De Louvois, J. A survey of the microbiological quality of private water supplies in England. Epidemiol. Infect. 124, 417\u2013425 (2000).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"24_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.08.025","volume":"39","author":"FM Schets","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schets, F. M. et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water from private water supplies in the Netherlands. Water Res. 39, 4485\u20134493 (2005).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"24_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081686","volume":"15","author":"RT Murray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murray, R. T. et al. Prevalence of microbiological and chemical contaminants in private drinking water wells in maryland, usa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 15, 1686 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"24_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140242","volume":"739","author":"LJ Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds, L. J. et al. Correlation between antimicrobial resistance and faecal contamination in small urban streams and bathing waters. Sci. Total Environ. 739, 140242 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"24_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07992-3","volume":"10","author":"A Karkman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karkman, A., P\u00e4rn\u00e4nen, K. & Larsson, D. G. J. Fecal pollution can explain antibiotic resistance gene abundances in anthropogenically impacted environments. Nat. Commun. 10, 80 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"24_CR28","volume-title":"Focus on Private Water Supplies 2018","author":"EPA.","year":"2020","unstructured":"EPA. Focus on private water supplies 2018. Focus on Private Water Supplies 2018. (Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland, 2020)."},{"key":"24_CR29","volume-title":"Focus on Private Water Supplies 2019","author":"EPA.","year":"2021","unstructured":"EPA. Focus on private water supplies 2019. Focus on Private Water Supplies 2019. (Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland, 2021)."},{"key":"24_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0062-9","volume":"32","author":"L Du","year":"2012","unstructured":"Du, L. & Liu, W. Occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicity of antibiotics in agro-ecosystems. a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 309\u2013327 (2012).","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"24_CR31","unstructured":"HPRA. Sales of Veterinary Antibiotics in Ireland During 2022 (HPRA, 2022)."},{"key":"24_CR32","unstructured":"ECDC. Antimicrobial Consumption (ECDC, 2018)."},{"key":"24_CR33","unstructured":"EARS-Net. Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU\/EEA (EARS-Net)\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER-EARS-Net-2021_2022-final.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"24_CR34","unstructured":"EARS-Net. Antimicrobial resistance in the EU\/EEA (EARS-Net)\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER-EARS-Net-2021_2022-final.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"24_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103672","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3103672","volume":"2016","author":"B Lyimo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lyimo, B. et al. IncF plasmids are commonly carried by antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water sources in northern Tanzania. Int. J. Microbiol. 2016, 3103672 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0776","volume":"100","author":"A Larson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larson, A. et al. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in drinking water samples from rural Andean households in Cajamarca, Peru. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100, 1363\u20131368 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"24_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115880","volume":"180","author":"B Hooban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hooban, B., Joyce, A., Fitzhenry, K., Chique, C. & Morris, D. The role of the natural aquatic environment in the dissemination of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase encoding genes: a scoping review. Water Res. 180, 115880 (2020).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"24_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlab092","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab092","volume":"3","author":"M Castanheira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castanheira, M., Simner, P. J. & Bradford, P. A. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection. JAC-Antimicrob. Resist 3, dlab092 (2021).","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist"},{"key":"24_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166519","volume":"11","author":"B Abera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abera, B., Kibret, M. & Mulu, W. Extended-spectrum beta (\u03b2)-lactamases and antibiogram in Enterobacteriaceae from clinical and drinking water sources from bahir dar city, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE. 11, e0166519 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"24_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, Z. H. et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in drinking water samples from a forcibly displaced, densely populated community setting in Bangladesh. Front. Public Health 8, 100526 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00228"},{"key":"24_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40420-0","volume":"9","author":"WD Tanner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tanner, W. D. et al. Multi-state study of Enterobacteriaceae harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase genes in U.S. drinking water. Sci. Rep. 9, 3938 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.015","volume":"55","author":"A Mizrahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizrahi, A. et al. Infections caused by naturally AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae: can we use third-generation cephalosporins a narrative review. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55, 105834 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"24_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S521","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz824","volume":"69","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nordmann, P. & Poirel, L. Epidemiology and diagnostics of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 69, S521\u2013S528 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"24_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1222343","volume":"8","author":"D van Duin","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Duin, D. & Doi, Y. The global epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Virulence 8, 460\u2013469 (2017).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"24_CR45","first-page":"15","volume":"3","author":"G Meletis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meletis, G. Carbapenem resistance: overview of the problem and future perspectives. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 3, 15 (2016).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1730178","volume":"18","author":"T Gil-Gil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gil-Gil, T., Mart\u00ednez, J. L. & Blanco, P. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a review of current knowledge. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 18, 335\u2013347 (2020).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"24_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70083-0","volume":"9","author":"WJ Looney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Looney, W. J., Narita, M. & M\u00fchlemann, K. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9, 312\u2013323 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1086\/587180","volume":"46","author":"JS Cervia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cervia, J. S., Ortolano, G. A. & Canonica, F. P. Hospital tap water as a source of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 1485\u20131486 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898008735","volume":"120","author":"PE Verweij","year":"1998","unstructured":"Verweij, P. E. et al. Nosocomial outbreak of colonization and infection with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in preterm infants associated with contaminated tap water. Epidemiol. Infect. 120, 251\u2013256 (1998).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"24_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.09.007","volume":"85","author":"A Guyot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guyot, A., Turton, J. F. & Garner, D. Outbreak of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on an intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 85, 303\u2013307 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"24_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-11","volume":"25","author":"JS Brooke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brooke, J. S. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25, 2\u201341 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"24_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03981.x","volume":"106","author":"FS Silbaq","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silbaq, F. S. Viable ultramicrocells in drinking water. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106, 106\u2013117 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02573.x","volume":"99","author":"D Hoefel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoefel, D., Monis, P. T., Grooby, W. L., Andrews, S. & Saint, C. P. Profiling bacterial survival through a water treatment process and subsequent distribution system. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99, 175\u2013186 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.01.001","volume":"167","author":"A Deredjian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deredjian, A. et al. Occurrence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in agricultural soils and antibiotic resistance properties. Res. Microbiol. 167, 313\u2013324 (2016).","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0072","volume":"21","author":"M Tac\u00e3o","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tac\u00e3o, M., Correia, A. & Henriques, I. S. Low prevalence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in river water: resistance Is mostly related to intrinsic mechanisms. Microb. Drug Resist. Larchmt. N. 21, 497\u2013506 (2015).","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist. Larchmt. N."},{"key":"24_CR56","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control & World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2023: 2021 Data (Publications Office, 2023)."},{"key":"24_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2014.963086","volume":"43","author":"D Padilla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Padilla, D. et al. The pathogen Hafnia alvei in veterinary medicine: a review. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 43, 231\u2013235 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"24_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"acmi000498.v3","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000498.v3","volume":"5","author":"L Sevillano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sevillano, L. et al. First report of a carbapenemase OXA-48-producing Hafnia alvei clinical isolate. Access Microbiol. 5, acmi000498.v3 (2023).","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00600.x","volume":"13","author":"AP Cardile","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cardile, A. P. et al. Hafnia alvei pyelonephritis in a renal transplant recipient: case report and review of an under-recognized nosocomial pathogen. Transpl. Infect. Dis 13, 407\u2013410 (2011).","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"24_CR60","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Reminder of Measures to Reduce the Risk Long-Lasting, Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Side Effects. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-reminder-measures-reduce-risk-long-lasting-disabling-potentially (2023)."},{"key":"24_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116015","volume":"182","author":"E Castrignan\u00f2","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castrignan\u00f2, E. et al. (Fluoro)quinolones and quinolone resistance genes in the aquatic environment: a river catchment perspective. Water Res. 182, 116015 (2020).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"24_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1159366","volume":"7","author":"M Akova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akova, M. Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections. Virulence 7, 252\u2013266 (2016).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"24_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07322-4","volume":"351","author":"L Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, L., Pascual, A. & Jacoby, G. A. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet. 351, 797\u2013799 (1998).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"24_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00339-07","volume":"51","author":"K Yamane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamane, K. et al. New plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump, QepA, found in an escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 3354\u20133360 (2007).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn397","volume":"62","author":"P Shen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shen, P. et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of pKP96, a 67 850 bp multiresistance plasmid encoding qnrA1, aac(6\u2019)-Ib-cr and blaCTX-M-24 from Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 62, 1252\u20131256 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacoby, G. A., Strahilevitz, J. & Hooper, D. C. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Microbiol. Spectr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0006-2013 (2014).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0006-2013"},{"key":"24_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.153","volume":"10","author":"N Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, N., Ramalho, J., Vieira, P. & Da Silva, G. J. Association of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and virulence markers in Escherichia coli isolated from water. J. Water Health 10, 288\u2013294 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"24_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159418","volume":"11","author":"Y Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen, Y., Pu, X., Zheng, W. & Hu, G. High Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and IncQ plasmids carrying qnrS2 gene in bacteria from rivers near hospitals and aquaculture in China. PLoS One 11, e0159418 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"24_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-1016-9","volume":"75","author":"A Tomova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomova, A., Ivanova, L., Buschmann, A. H., Godfrey, H. P. & Cabello, F. C. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and class 1 integrons in quinolone-resistant marine bacteria and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from an aquacultural area. Microb. Ecol. 75, 104\u2013112 (2018).","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"24_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261970","volume":"16","author":"MB Amin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amin, M. B. et al. High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) among E. coli from aquatic environments in Bangladesh. PLoS One 16, e0261970 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"24_CR71","first-page":"43","volume":"9","author":"RP Jaktaji","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaktaji, R. P. & Mohiti, E. Study of mutations in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Escherichia coli. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 9, 43\u201348 (2010).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"24_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01355","volume":"6","author":"A Johnning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnning, A., Kristiansson, E., Fick, J., Weijdeg\u00e5rd, B. & Larsson, D. G. J. Resistance mutations in gyrA and parC are common in Escherichia communities of both fluoroquinolone-polluted and uncontaminated aquatic environments. Front. Microbiol. 6, 1355 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01049-15","volume":"60","author":"J-Y Chien","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chien, J.-Y. et al. Mutations in gyrA and gyrB among fluoroquinolone- and multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 2090\u20132096 (2016).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00539-16","volume":"60","author":"A Disratthakit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Disratthakit, A. et al. Role of gyrB mutations in pre-extensively and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Thai clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 5189\u20135197 (2016).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64346-0","volume":"10","author":"H Qian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian, H. et al. Discovery of seven novel mutations of gyrB, parC and parE in salmonella typhi and paratyphi strains from jiangsu province of China. Sci. Rep. 10, 7359 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00070-12","volume":"56","author":"HF Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, H. F., Cheng, J., Hu, L. F., Ye, Y. & Li, J. B. Identification of a Serratia marcescens clinical isolate with multiple quinolone resistance mechanisms from China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 5426\u20135427 (2012).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.10.018","volume":"13","author":"R Bi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bi, R., Qin, T., Fan, W., Ma, P. & Gu, B. The emerging problem of linezolid-resistant enterococci. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 13, 11\u201319 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"24_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3071988","volume":"3","author":"S Stefani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stefani, S., Bongiorno, D., Mongelli, G. & Campanile, F. Linezolid resistance in staphylococci. Pharmaceuticals 3, 1988\u20132006 (2010).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"24_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.839","volume":"40","author":"GE Zurenko","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zurenko, G. E. et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 839\u2013845 (1996).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-008-0644-X","volume":"14","author":"H Koganemaru","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koganemaru, H. & Hitomi, S. Bacteremia caused by VanC-type enterococci in a university hospital in Japan: a 6-year survey. J. Infect. Chemother. 14, 413\u2013417 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2014.04.002","volume":"17","author":"RE Mendes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mendes, R. E., Deshpande, L. M. & Jones, R. N. Linezolid update: stable in vitro activity following more than a decade of clinical use and summary of associated resistance mechanisms. Drug Resist. Updat. 17, 1\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"24_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1086\/513876","volume":"195","author":"N Bourgeois-Nicolaos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bourgeois-Nicolaos, N. et al. Dose dependence of emergence of resistance to linezolid in Enterococcus faecalis in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. 195, 1480\u20131488 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-12","volume":"56","author":"L Diaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz, L. et al. Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to linezolid due to cfr in a human clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 3917\u20133922 (2012).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz155","volume":"74","author":"CC Papagiannitsis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papagiannitsis, C. C., Tsilipounidaki, K., Malli, E. & Petinaki, E. Detection in greece of a clinical enterococcus faecium isolate carrying the novel oxazolidinone resistance gene poxtA. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 74, 2461\u20132462 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.02.002","volume":"8","author":"PHLN Filsner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filsner, P. H. L. N. et al. Identification of the cfr methyltransferase gene in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from swine: first report in Brazil. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 8, 192\u2013193 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"24_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.02.029","volume":"25","author":"M N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen, M., Raschle, S., Stevens, M. J. A., Schmitt, K. & Stephan, R. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST16 harbouring optrA on a Tn6674-like element isolated from surface water. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 25, 89\u201392 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"24_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0108321","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01083-21","volume":"65","author":"M Biggel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biggel, M., N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen, M., Jans, C., Stevens, M. J. A. & Stephan, R. Genetic context of optrA and poxtA in florfenicol-resistant enterococci isolated from flowing surface water in Switzerland. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 65, e0108321 (2021).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.09.006","volume":"91","author":"C O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Driscoll, C. et al. First outbreak of linezolid-resistant vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an Irish hospital, February to September 2014. J. Hosp. Infect. 91, 367\u2013370 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"24_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105449","volume":"136","author":"C Dang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang, C. et al. Metagenomic insights into the profile of antibiotic resistomes in a large drinking water reservoir. Environ. Int. 136, 105449 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"24_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.12.069","volume":"152","author":"L Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, L., Li, B. & Zhang, T. New insights into antibiotic resistome in drinking water and management perspectives: a metagenomic based study of small-sized microbes. Water Res. 152, 191\u2013201 (2019).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"24_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150095","volume":"804","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., He, H., Gao, K., Li, T. & Dong, B. Fate, mobility, and pathogenicity of drinking water treatment plant resistomes deciphered by metagenomic assembly and network analyses. Sci. Total Environ. 804, 150095 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"24_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002244","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002244","volume":"5","author":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Genomic Surveillance of AMR.","year":"2020","unstructured":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Genomic Surveillance of AMR. Whole-genome sequencing as part of national and international surveillance programmes for antimicrobial resistance: a roadmap. BMJ Glob. Health 5, e002244 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"24_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrd, J. J., Xu, H. S. & Colwell, R. R. Viable but nonculturable bacteria in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 875\u2013878 (1991).","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.3.875-878.1991"},{"key":"24_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01707-08","volume":"53","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carattoli, A. Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 2227\u20132238 (2009).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00791-4","volume":"12","author":"JDD Pitout","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pitout, J. D. D. & Chen, L. The significance of epidemic plasmids in the success of multidrug-resistant drug pandemic extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Dis. Ther. 12, 1029 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"24_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12691","volume":"118","author":"E Laroche-Ajzenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laroche-Ajzenberg, E. et al. Conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from environmental waters contaminated by human faecal wastes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 118, 399\u2013411 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3285-3293.2003","volume":"71","author":"LJ Sorsa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sorsa, L. J., Dufke, S., Heesemann, J. & Schubert, S. Characterization of an iroBCDEN gene cluster on a transmissible plasmid of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: evidence for horizontal transfer of a chromosomal virulence factor. Infect. Immun. 71, 3285\u20133293 (2003).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"24_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265445","volume":"17","author":"BJ Haley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haley, B. J., Kim, S. W., Salaheen, S., Hovingh, E. & Kessel, J. A. S. V. Virulome and genome analyses identify associations between antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors in highly drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from veal calves. PLoS One 17, e0265445 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"24_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-06","volume":"71","author":"E Cascales","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cascales, E. et al. Colicin biology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 158\u2013229 (2007).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"24_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.207","volume":"598","author":"T Nascimento","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nascimento, T. et al. International high-risk clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC-2\/CC258 and Escherichia coli CTX-M-15\/CC10 in urban lake waters. Sci. Total Environ. 598, 910\u2013915 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"24_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106466","volume":"152","author":"B Hooban","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hooban, B. et al. A point prevalence survey of antibiotic resistance in the Irish environment, 2018\u20132019. Environ. Int. 152, 106466 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"24_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.03.007","volume":"29","author":"EH Campana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campana, E. H., Kraychete, G. B., Montezzi, L. F., Xavier, D. E. & Pic\u00e3o, R. C. Description of a new non-Tn4401 element (NTEKPC-IIe) harboured on IncQ plasmid in citrobacter werkmanii from recreational coastal water. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 29, 207\u2013211 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"24_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.09.005","volume":"31","author":"S Takizawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takizawa, S. et al. Genomic landscape of blaGES-5- and blaGES-24-harboring Gram-negative bacteria from hospital wastewater: emergence of class 3 integron-associated blaGES-24 genes. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 31, 196\u2013206 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"24_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110198","volume":"142","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Prevalence and genomic investigation of Salmonella isolates recovered from animal food-chain in Xinjiang, China. Food Res. Int. 142, 110198 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"24_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936425","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.936425","volume":"13","author":"Y Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue, Y. et al. Whole-genome sequencing-based prediction and analysis of antimicrobial resistance in Yersinia Enterocolitica from Ningxia, China. Front. Microbiol. 13, 936425 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69356-6","volume":"10","author":"S-C Flament-Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flament-Simon, S.-C. et al. High diversity and variability of pipolins among a wide range of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Sci. Rep. 10, 12452 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116370","volume":"273","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. et al. Dissemination of blaNDM-5 via IncX3 plasmids in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among humans and in the environment in an intensive vegetable cultivation area in eastern China. Environ. Pollut. 273, 116370 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"24_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14547-6","volume":"12","author":"J Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocha, J., Henriques, I., Gomila, M. & Manaia, C. M. Common and distinctive genomic features of Klebsiella pneumoniae thriving in the natural environment or in clinical settings. Sci. Rep. 12, 10441 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl207","volume":"58","author":"RM Travis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Travis, R. M. et al. Chloramphenicol and kanamycin resistance among porcine Escherichia coli in Ontario. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 173\u2013177 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky563","volume":"74","author":"CT Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, C. T., Musicha, P., Feasey, N. A., Adams, E. R. & Edwards, T. ChloS-HRM, a novel assay to identify chloramphenicol-susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Malawi. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 74, 1212\u20131217 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1086\/650574","volume":"50","author":"G Morales","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morales, G. et al. Resistance to linezolid Is mediated by the cfr gene in the first report of an outbreak of linezolid-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50, 821\u2013825 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"24_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt092","volume":"68","author":"J Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, J., Wang, Y. & Schwarz, S. Presence and dissemination of the multiresistance gene cfr in Gram-positive and Gram-negative. bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 1697\u20131706 (2013).","journal-title":"bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"24_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2008.11.004","volume":"61","author":"KE Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver, K. E., Kwong, S. M., Firth, N. & Francia, M. V. The RepA_N replicons of Gram-positive bacteria: a family of broadly distributed but narrow host range plasmids. Plasmid 61, 94\u2013109 (2009).","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"24_CR114","unstructured":"EPA. Drinking Water Quality in Private Group Schemes and Small Private Supplies (EPA, 2022)."},{"key":"24_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2583-6","volume":"87","author":"A Novo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novo, A. & Manaia, C. M. Factors influencing antibiotic resistance burden in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87, 1157\u20131166 (2010).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"24_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001054","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001054","volume":"9","author":"V Mateo-Estrada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mateo-Estrada, V. et al. Acinetobacter baumannii from grass: novel but non-resistant clones. Microb. Genomics 9, 001054 (2023).","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"24_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00740-14","volume":"80","author":"M-T Gekenidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gekenidis, M.-T., Studer, P., W\u00fcthrich, S., Brunisholz, R. & Drissner, D. Beyond the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) biotyping workflow: in search of microorganism-specific tryptic peptides enabling discrimination of subspecies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 4234\u20134241 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0937-2","volume":"17","author":"A-C Normand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Normand, A.-C. et al. Decision criteria for MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of filamentous fungi using commercial and in-house reference databases. BMC Microbiol. 17, 25 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klindworth, A. et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, e1 (2013).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808"},{"key":"24_CR120","unstructured":"EM100 Connect. CLSI M100 ED31 (2021) http:\/\/em100.edaptivedocs.net\/GetDoc.aspx?doc=CLSI%20M100%20ED31:2021&scope=user"},{"key":"24_CR121","first-page":"245","volume":"14","author":"PH Ramsey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ramsey, P. H. Critical Values for Spearman\u2019s Rank Order Correlation. J. Educ. Stat. 14, 245\u2013253, (1989).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stat"},{"key":"24_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.129082","volume":"6","author":"G Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta, G., Tak, V. & Mathur, P. Detection of AmpC \u03b2 lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J. Lab. Physicians 6, 001\u2013006 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"24_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03361-13","volume":"52","author":"A Poulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poulou, A. et al. Modified CLSI extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) confirmatory test for phenotypic detection of ESBLs among Enterobacteriaceae producing various \u03b2-lactamases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52, 1483\u20131489 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"24_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_118_16","volume":"9","author":"R Sachdeva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sachdeva, R., Sharma, B. & Sharma, R. Evaluation of different phenotypic tests for detection of metallo-\u03b2-lactamases in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Lab. Physicians 9, 249\u2013253 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"24_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cerezales, M. et al. Novel multiplex PCRs for detection of the most prevalent carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria within Germany. J. Med. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001310 (2021).","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001310"},{"key":"24_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb01019.x","volume":"42","author":"H Heuer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heuer, H. et al. Gentamicin resistance genes in environmental bacteria: prevalence and transfer. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 42, 289\u2013302 (2006).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."}],"container-title":["npj Antimicrobials and Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-024-00024-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-024-00024-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-024-00024-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T07:12:14Z","timestamp":1710745934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-024-00024-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44259-024-00024-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-8745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-8745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}