{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:42:21Z","timestamp":1791614541207,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":95,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grand Union Doctoral Training Partnership","award":["ES\/P000649\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000649\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z515619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z515619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Social Care\u2019s Global AMR Innovation Fund","award":["FR1-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR1-57"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Social Care\u2019s Global AMR Innovation Fund","award":["FR1-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR1-57"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/Y034465\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y034465\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007631","name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320833\/Z\/24\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320833\/Z\/24\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Antimicrob Resist"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fungal antimicrobial resistance (fAMR) is accelerating, driven in part by the dual-use of antifungal modes of action in agriculture and medicine, threatening therapy. Addressing this challenge requires a unified One Health response that balances agricultural productivity, economic stability, and human and animal health. By focusing on the United Kingdom\u2019s policy approach, we argue that current efforts are constrained by fragmented governance, surveillance and regulation. To resolve this, we propose three policy recommendations: 1. a cross-government fAMR body, 2. mandatory environmental and clinical surveillance, and 3. for fungicide approvals to look beyond crop pathogens and integrate risk assessments for potential hotspots of resistance selection in human fungal pathogens. These measures will safeguard current and future antifungals while providing much-needed regulatory clarity and will be translatable to other national and regional contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-026-00220-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:03:49Z","timestamp":1780045429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addressing the dual-use of antifungals and fungal antimicrobial resistance (fAMR) through a One Health approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Armstrong-James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Birch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Borman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bromley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bryson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Grimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Rex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Bottery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"220_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","volume":"24","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denning, D. W. Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, e428\u2013e438 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"220_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08419-4","volume":"638","author":"NT Case","year":"2025","unstructured":"Case, N. T. et al. Fungal impacts on Earth\u2019s ecosystems. Nature 638, 49\u201357 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"220_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae372","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae372","volume":"11","author":"MC Arendrup","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arendrup, M. C. et al. The impact of the Fungal Priority Pathogens List on medical mycology: a Northern European perspective. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 11, ofae372 (2024).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"220_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00960-9","volume":"21","author":"SR Lockhart","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lockhart, S. R., Chowdhary, A. & Gold, J. A. W. The rapid emergence of antifungal-resistant human-pathogenic fungi. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 818\u2013832 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaf747","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf747","volume":"13","author":"A Alanio","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alanio, A. et al. Antifungal resistance surveillance: insights from national mycology reference centers and expert mycology laboratories. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 13, ofaf747 (2026).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"220_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Paassen, J., Russcher, A., In \u2019T Veld - Van Wingerden, A. W., Verweij, P. E. & Kuijper, E. J. Emerging aspergillosis by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus at an intensive care unit in the Netherlands, 2010 to 2013. Eurosurveillance 21, 30300 (2016).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.30.30300"},{"key":"220_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy859","volume":"68","author":"PP Lestrade","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lestrade, P. P. et al. Voriconazole resistance and mortality in invasive Aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 68, 1463\u20131471 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"220_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100902","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00134-4","volume":"5","author":"S Bertagnolio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bertagnolio, S. et al. WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health. Lancet Microbe 5, 100902 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"220_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00055-2","volume":"2","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fisher, M. C. et al. A one health roadmap towards understanding and mitigating emerging fungal antimicrobial resistance: fAMR. npj Antimicrob. Resist. 2, 36 (2024).","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"220_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"220_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) et al. Impact of the use of azole fungicides, other than as human medicines, on the development of azole-resistant Aspergillus spp. EFSA J. 23, e9200 (2025).","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9200"},{"key":"220_CR12","unstructured":"Agricultural Land Use in United Kingdom at 1 2025. GOV.UK, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/agricultural-land-use-in-the-united-kingdom\/agricultural-land-use-in-united-kingdom-at-1-june-2025."},{"key":"220_CR13","unstructured":"Chantry, T. et al. Pesticide Usage Survey Report 320\u2014Arable Crops in the United Kingdom, (Fera Science Ltd, 2024)."},{"key":"220_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10947","volume":"484","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fisher, M. C. et al. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature 484, 186\u2013194 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"220_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leadbeater, A. J. Plant health management: fungicides and antibiotics. in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems 408\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00179-0 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00179-0"},{"key":"220_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730297","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.730297","volume":"11","author":"LN J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, L. N. & Heick, T. M. Azole use in agriculture, horticulture, and wood preservation\u2014Is it indispensable? Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 730297 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60646-2","volume":"13","author":"LN J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, L. N. et al. IPM strategies and their dilemmas including an Introduction to www.eurowheat.org. J. Integr. Agric. 13, 265\u2013281 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"220_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-020-00372-4","volume":"128","author":"LN J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, L. N. et al. Decreasing azole sensitivity of Z. tritici in Europe contributes to reduced and varying field efficacy. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 128, 287\u2013301 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"220_CR19","unstructured":"Disease research for cereals and oilseeds. AHDB. https:\/\/ahdb.org.uk\/knowledge-library\/disease-research-for-cereals-and-oilseeds."},{"key":"220_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bryson, R. et al. Mefentrifluconazole\u2014the first Isopropanol-azole fungicide for the control of Zymospetoria tritici including field isolates with known complex CYP51 haplotypes. CABI Databases, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/20193089496.","DOI":"10.5555\/20193089496"},{"key":"220_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.10.003","volume":"34","author":"PE Verweij","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verweij, P. E. et al. The one health problem of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: current insights and future research agenda. Fungal Biol. Rev. 34, 202\u2013214 (2020).","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"220_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031801","volume":"7","author":"E Snelders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snelders, E. et al. Triazole Fungicides Can Induce Cross-Resistance to Medical Triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS ONE 7, e31801 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"220_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009711","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009711","volume":"17","author":"C Burks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burks, C., Darby, A., Londo\u00f1o, L. G., Momany, M. & Brewer, M. T. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment: identifying key reservoirs and hotspots of antifungal resistance. PLOS Pathog. 17, e1009711 (2021).","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"220_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdolrasouli, A. et al. Genomic context of azole resistance mutations in aspergillus fumigatus determined using whole-genome sequencing. mBio 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00536-15 (2015).","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00536-15"},{"key":"220_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.05.004","volume":"2","author":"MJ Bromley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bromley, M. J. et al. Occurrence of azole-resistant species of Aspergillus in the UK environment. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2, 276\u2013279 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"220_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01395","volume":"9","author":"A Tsitsopoulou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsitsopoulou, A. et al. Determination of the prevalence of triazole resistance in environmental Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated in South Wales, UK. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1395 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadh8839","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh8839","volume":"9","author":"JMG Shelton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shelton, J. M. G. et al. Citizen science reveals landscape-scale exposures to multiazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus bioaerosols. Sci. Adv. 9, eadh8839 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"220_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02061","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02061-21","volume":"88","author":"JMG Shelton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shelton, J. M. G. et al. Citizen science surveillance of triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in United Kingdom residential garden soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 88, e02061\u201321 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01091-2","volume":"7","author":"J Rhodes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rhodes, J. et al. Population genomics confirms acquisition of drug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infection by humans from the environment. Nat. Microbiol. 7, 663\u2013674 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181625","volume":"25","author":"SE Schoustra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoustra, S. E. et al. Environmental hotspots for azole resistance selection of Aspergillus fumigatus, the Netherlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 1347\u20131353 (2019).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"220_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.599233","volume":"11","author":"B Fraaije","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraaije, B., Atkins, S., Hanley, S., Macdonald, A. & Lucas, J. The multi-fungicide resistance status of Aspergillus fumigatus populations in arable soils and the wider European environment. Front. Microbiol. 11, 2020 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"wraf246","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf246","volume":"19","author":"HH Kortenbosch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kortenbosch, H. H. et al. Land use drives drug resistance in an airborne human fungal pathogen. ISME J. 19, wraf246 (2025).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"220_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00392","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00392-19","volume":"10","author":"TR Sewell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sewell, T. R. et al. Nonrandom distribution of azole resistance across the global population of Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 10, e00392\u201319 (2019).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"220_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fisher, M. et al. Recent European origin of azole resistance in the critical priority fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7905776\/v1 (2025).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7905776\/v1"},{"key":"220_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02056","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02056-23","volume":"90","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Azole resistance mechanisms and population structure of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus on retail plant products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 90, e02056\u201323 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottery, M., Sedik, S., Schwartz, I., Hoenigl, M. & van Rhijn, N. Climate change: shifting boundaries of fungal disease in Europe and beyond. Thorax 81, 91\u2013101 (2026).","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-222168"},{"key":"220_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00900-7","volume":"21","author":"BK Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, B. K. et al. Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security and paths forward. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 640\u2013656 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rillig, M. C., Xu, G., Fu, W. & Li, C. Constraining the effect of global change on antifungal resistance. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43017-025-00756-w (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-025-00756-w"},{"key":"220_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-025-00140-0","volume":"3","author":"M Lackner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lackner, M. et al. Azole fungicides and Aspergillus resistance, five EU agency report highlights the problem for the first time using a One Health approach. npj Antimicrob. Resist. 3, 86 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"220_CR40","unstructured":"Whitty, C. Chief Medical Officer\u2019s Annual Report 2025\u2014Infections. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/chief-medical-officers-annual-report-2025-infections (Department of Health & Social Care, 2025)."},{"key":"220_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282499","volume":"18","author":"LF G\u00f3mez Londo\u00f1o","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Londo\u00f1o, L. F. & Brewer, M. T. Detection of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment from air, plant debris, compost, and soil. PLoS ONE 18, e0282499 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"220_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011268","volume":"19","author":"AB Akinbobola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akinbobola, A. B., Kean, R., Hanifi, S. M. A. & Quilliam, R. S. Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris. PLOS Pathog. 19, e1011268 (2023).","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"220_CR43","unstructured":"UK Parliament. Food and Biological Security: Agricultural Fungicide. https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/lords\/2023-11-23\/debates\/329E2499-E078-45D3-BA33-188B0A81B122\/FoodAndBiologicalSecurityAgriculturalFungicide (2023)."},{"key":"220_CR44","unstructured":"Bennett, N. Agriculture: fungicides question for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. UIN HL7053, https:\/\/questions-statements.parliament.uk\/written-questions\/detail\/2025-04-30\/hl7053 (2025)."},{"key":"220_CR45","unstructured":"HSE. Efficacy Guideline 606\u2014resistance risk analysis and use of resistance management strategies. https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/pesticides\/data-requirements-handbook\/guidelines.htm (2008)."},{"key":"220_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2022.100885","volume":"65","author":"PE Verweij","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verweij, P. E. et al. Dual use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture: How do we help prevent resistance developing in human pathogens? Drug Resist. Updates 65, 100885 (2022).","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"220_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01542-4","volume":"9","author":"N Van Rhijn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Rhijn, N. et al. Aspergillus fumigatus strains that evolve resistance to the agrochemical fungicide ipflufenoquin in vitro are also resistant to olorofim. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 29\u201334 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"220_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2015.1133242","volume":"22","author":"KA Lewis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis, K. A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. J. & Green, A. An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 22, 1050\u20131064 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"220_CR49","unstructured":"US EPA. Ipflufenoquin: drinking water exposure assessment supporting new chemical registration. EPA-HQ-OPP-2020-0225-0010. (2021)."},{"key":"220_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.04.012","volume":"26","author":"MA Pfaller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfaller, M. A., Huband, M. D., Flamm, R. K., Bien, P. A. & Castanheira, M. Antimicrobial activity of manogepix, a first-in-class antifungal, and comparator agents tested against contemporary invasive fungal isolates from an international surveillance programme (2018\u20132019). J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 26, 117\u2013127 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"220_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D20-094","volume":"46","author":"M Hatamoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hatamoto, M., Aizawa, R., Koda, K. & Fukuchi, T. Aminopyrifen, a novel 2-aminonicotinate fungicide with a unique effect and broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogenic fungi. J. Pestic. Sci. 46, 198\u2013205 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"220_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.02.013","volume":"156","author":"M Hatamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hatamoto, M., Aizawa, R., Kobayashi, Y. & Fujimura, M. A novel fungicide aminopyrifen inhibits GWT-1 protein in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 156, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"220_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00731-11","volume":"56","author":"N Watanabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watanabe, N. et al. E1210, a new broad-spectrum antifungal, suppresses Candida albicans hyphal growth through inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 960\u2013971 (2012).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"220_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53512-x","volume":"15","author":"X Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai, X. et al. Structural insights into the inhibition mechanism of fungal GWT1 by manogepix. Nat. Commun. 15, 9194 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"220_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00074","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00074-23","volume":"37","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoenigl, M. et al. Novel antifungals and treatment approaches to tackle resistance and improve outcomes of invasive fungal disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 37, e00074\u201323 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"220_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030205","volume":"7","author":"KM J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, K. M., Helleberg, M., Hare, R. K., J\u00f8rgensen, L. N. & Arendrup, M. C. Dissection of the activity of agricultural fungicides against clinical Aspergillus isolates with and without environmentally and medically induced azole resistance. J. Fungi 7, 205 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"220_CR57","unstructured":"HSE. Active substances approved for use in pesticides. https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/pesticides\/active-substances\/register.htm (2025)."},{"key":"220_CR58","unstructured":"US EPA. EPA finalizes framework for interagency collaboration on resistance risks associated with antibacterial and antifungal pesticides. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/epa-finalizes-framework-interagency-collaboration-resistance-risks-associated (2024)."}],"container-title":["npj Antimicrobials and Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-026-00220-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-026-00220-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-026-00220-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:52:34Z","timestamp":1788216754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44259-026-00220-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44259-026-00220-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-8745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-8745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"During the period 2024\u20132026, J.H.R., MD, is\/has been Chief Medical Officer & Director, F2G, Ltd., Editor-in-Chief, AMR.Solutions, Operating Partner & Consultant, Advent Life Sciences, and Adjunct Professor of Medicine, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; has received grant support from Wellcome Trust; and has served on the scientific advisory board of the AMR Action Fund (AMRAF). He is currently a shareholder in AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, F2G, Ltd, and Advent Life Sciences. The opinions expressed are his own and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of any of the groups with which he works. M.Bi. is an employee and shareholder of F2G Ltd. K.D. is a crop protection consultant, currently advising CropLife International, the trade association representing the major R&D crop protection companies. The opinions expressed are his own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the association. D.A.J. holds stock options in Pulmocide Ltd. P.L.W is a consultant for IMMY, Ltd and provided the central mycology laboratory services for the F2G phase II and phase III clinical trials. The other authors do not have a competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"53"}}