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However, there is increasing evidence that associations identified in between-person analyses do not always reflect processes occurring within individuals. Therefore, we conducted a four-week ecological momentary assessment study with <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200996 students during an examination period. Results showed that higher self-esteem was followed by feeling less burnt out on a within-day and day-to-day level. Also, higher self-esteem was followed by lower repetitive negative thinking (i.e., rumination on the within-day level and pre-sleep worry on the day-to-day level), which in turn was followed by feeling less burnt out. Mediation analyses showed that a substantial proportion of the associations between self-esteem and feeling burnt out was mediated by repetitive negative thinking at both the within- and between-person level. In addition, we also found evidence of a reverse temporal sequence. Higher levels of burnout were followed by an increase in repetitive negative thinking, which in turn led to lower self-esteem. Finally, self-esteem instability partially moderated the associations of self-esteem and subsequent pre-sleep worry and burnout at the within-person but not between-person level. These findings imply that there may be a bidirectional relationship between self-esteem, repetitive negative thinking, and burnout, indicating a possible vicious cycle that could perpetuate psychological distress. Future studies should examine these dynamics more closely to better understand their causal interplay and implications for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-025-00318-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:38:25Z","timestamp":1756460305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Repetitive negative thinking mediates the relationship between self-esteem and burnout in an ecological momentary assessment study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Brueckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Hachenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakari","family":"Lemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"318_CR1","unstructured":"Gr\u00fctzmacher, J., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., Sudheimer, S. & Willige, J. 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