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Although altered error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes have been observed in disorders characterized by these traits, it remains unclear how such alterations relate to the translation of monitoring signals into behavior. In a sample of 221 participants, we combined electroencephalography with ecological momentary assessment to examine how self-reported impulsivity and compulsivity relate to daily self-control and moderate the association between ERN amplitude and daily self-control. High compulsivity was associated with increased desire enactment and more frequent self-control failures. Critically, ERN amplitude was associated with better self-control only at low levels of both impulsivity and compulsivity. These findings indicate that the relationship between performance monitoring and daily self-control varies as a function of trait-level impulsivity and compulsivity. While the present findings are correlational in nature, they suggest that considering trait interactions may inform cognitive and neural models of self-control and our understanding of how performance monitoring translates into adaptive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-026-00446-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:37:44Z","timestamp":1774615064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between the error-related negativity and self-control is moderated by impulsivity and compulsivity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7336-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Overmeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Kr\u00e4plin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Goschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Endrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11305","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11305","volume":"5","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gillan, C. 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